Compounds and Methods for Treating Pain

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to new therapies to treat pain and related diseases, as well as pharmaceutical compounds for use in said therapies.

The present invention relates to the field of method of treatment of pain and the provision of pharmaceutical compounds suitable for such treatments.

Acute and chronic pain affects millions of people after injury or surgery and those suffering from diseases like arthritis, cancer, and diabetes. Nociception (the detection of noxious or damaging stimuli) serves a crucial biological purpose: it alerts living organisms to environmental dangers, inducing the sensation of pain, reflex withdrawal and complex behavioural and emotional responses, which protect the organism from further damage. Noxious stimuli are detected by specialized high threshold primary sensory neurons (nociceptors), which transfer signals to the spinal cord and then transmit them to the brain for higher level processing that results in the conscious awareness of the sensation called pain. The functional importance of pain perception is exemplified by individuals with defects in nociception; patients with congenital insensitivity to pain do not survive past their twenties.

Two basic types of pain can be distinguished—acute and chronic. Acute or nociceptive pain is generally self-limiting and serves a protective biological function by warning of ongoing tissue damage caused by noxious chemical, thermal and mechanical stimuli. Examples of nociceptive pain include: postoperative pain, pain associated with trauma, and the pain associated with arthritis. Chronic pain, on the other hand, serves no protective biological function, and reflects either poor resolution of the painful stimuli, or is itself a disease process. Chronic pain is unrelenting and not self-limiting and can persist for years and even decades after the initial injury. Chronic pain is predominantly neuropathic in nature and may involve damage either to the peripheral or central nervous systems.

It is a goal of the present invention to provide methods of treating, ameliorating or suppressing pain, in particular by the use of novel compounds for this purpose.

The present invention therefore provides the use of new classes of compounds for the treatment, prevention or reduction of pain. These compounds are given in the claims, and especially include Tenofovir (PMPA), dasatinib, AMG-706 (motesanib), BIRB 796 (Doramapimod), EKB-569 (Pelitinib), sorafenib, Vandetanib, CI-1033 (Canertinib), NSC161613, N6-Benzyladenosine-5′-phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC47091, cilomilast, Nicotinamide (Nicotinamide), IBMX, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Piclamilast, V11294, CC-10004 (Apremilast), LAS31025 (Arofylline), CP80633 (Atizoram), Catramilast/Atopik (Catramilast), BRL-61063 (Cimpyfylline), Daxalipram/mesopram (Daxalipram), Doxofylline, Drotaverine, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Glaucine Hydrobromide (Broncholytine), GRC3886 (oglemilast), oxtriphyllin (Choline theophyllinate), Pumafentrine, Revamilast, Tofimilast, Tolafentrine, Seoanin (Trapidil), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), CDP-840, YM-976, CI-1018, D-4418, Lirimilast, SCH-351591, RPL-554, IPL-455903 (HT-0712), GSK256066, Zardaverine, Vardenafil, OPC-6535 (Tetomilast), IC485, L-826,141, ONO-6126, CI-1044, MK-0873, T-2585, R1533 (MEM-1414), Ronomilast (ELB-353), UK-500,001, AN2728, DE-103, Tofisopam, (R)-Tofisopam (Dextofisopam), (S)-Tofisopam (Levotofisopam (USAN)), EKB-568, SU-14813, LY-333531 (Ruboxistaurin), CGP-52421, SKI-606 (Bosutinib), Roscovitine, Tenofovir (PMPA), Methimazole, Adefovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) (Adefovir), Acetazolamide, midostaurin (PKC-412), tozasertib (MK-0457, VX 680) or lestaurtinib (CEP-701). A further compound is imatinib (STI-571), which is preferably used in the treatment on non-inflammatory pain, especially in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Alternative names or identification of the compounds are given in brackets. Chemical structures of some of these compounds are given as follows:

V11294 -[(3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyl)methyl]- N-ethyl-8-propan-2- ylpurin-6-amine:

GW 842470 (AWD 12- 281) N-(3,5-dichloropyridin- 4-yl)-2-[1-[(4- fluorophenyl)methyl]-5- hydroxyindol-3-yl]-2- oxoacetamide

CDP-840 4-[(2R)-2-[3- (Cyclopentyloxy)-4- methoxyphenyl]-2- phenylethyl]-pyridine hydrochloride

YM-976 4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1,7- diethylpyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one

CI-1018 N-[9-Methyl-4-oxo-1- phenyl-3,4,6,7- tetrahydro- pyrrolo[3,2,1- jk][1,4]benzodiazepin- 3(R)-yl]pyridine-4- carboxamide

D-4418 -(3,5-Dichloro-4- pyridinyl)-8- methoxyquinoline-5- carboxamid

SCH-351591 3,5-dichloro-4-(8- methoxy-2- (trifluoro- methyl)quinolin-5- ylcarbox- amido)pyridine-1-oxide

RPL-554 N-{2-[(2E)-2- (mesitylimino)-9,10- dimethoxy-4-oxo-6,7- dihydro-2H- pyrimido[6,1-a]- isoquinolin-3(4H)- yl]ethyl}urea

IPL-455903 (HT-0712) (3R,5R)-5-(3 (cyclopentyloxy)-4- methoxyphenyl)-3-(3- methylbenzyl)piperidin- 2-one

GSK256066 6-[[3- [(Dimethyl- amino)carbonyl]phenyl] sulfonyl]-4-[(3 methoxyphenyl)amino]-8- methyl-3- quinolinecarboxamide

OPC-6535 6-[2-(3,4- diethoxyphenyl)-1,3- thiazol-4-yl]pyridine- 2-carboxylic acid

L-826,141 4-[2-[3,4- Bis(difluoromethoxy) phenyl]-2-[4-[2,2,2- trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1- (trifluoro- methyl)ethyl]phenyl]ethyl]- 3-methylpyridine N- oxide

CI-1044 N-(9-amino-4-oxo-1- phenyl-3,4,6,7- tetrahydro(1,4)diazepino (6,7,1-hi)indol-3- yl)nicotinamide

MK-0873 (−)-trans-2-(3′-(3-(N-Cycloprpropylcarbamoyl)-4- oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridin-1-yl)-3- fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)cycloprpanecarboxylic acid T-2585

AN2728 5-(4-cyanophenoxy)-2,3- dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1- benzoxaborole

SU-14813 (S,Z)-5-((5-fluoro-2- oxoindolin-3- ylidene)methyl)-N-(2- hydroxy-3- morpholinopropyl)-2,4- dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxamide

CGP-52421

NSC161613 2-[[2-[(2- aminoacetyl)amino]-3- (2,4- dinitrophe- phenyl)sulfanylpropanoyl] amino]pentanedioic acid

NSC47091 2-(3-carboxyprop-2- enoylamino)-6-[[(Z)-3- carboxyprop-2- enoyl]amino]benzoic acid

In preferred embodiments the inventive compound is an inhibitor (i.e. an antagonist) or modulator of any one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FMO3. Inhibitors or ligands (i.e. binders) or modulators of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FMO3 can be used in the treatment of pain in a subject. In preferred embodiments the FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FMO3 modulator is a selective FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FMO3 modulator. By “selective” it is meant that the affinity for one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D or FMO3 is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affinity of the other targets selected from FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D or FMO3.

Surprisingly it has been shown that some of these targets, such as FRK, FMO3, LPAR3 can be both activated, e.g. by an agonist, or inhibited (e.g. by an inhibitor or antagonist) for an anti-pain effect in a patient. The group of agonists and antagonists is referred to herein as “modulators”. Although in most cases an inhibitor is preferred for greater effect, it seems that modulation of activity of these targets in any direction reduces the pain or sensation of pain. Preferably the modulator is a strong binder to these targets, especially with a Kd of 1000 nM or less or an IC50 of 1000 nM or less. Preferred lower values for Kd and IC50 are 800 nM or less, 600 nM or less, 500 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 50 nM or less or even 30 nM or less.

In particular preferred are FMO3 modulators or inhibitors for use in the treatment of pain. Such compounds are e.g. Tenofovir and Methimazole.

In particular preferred are FRK modulators or inhibitors for use in the treatment of pain. Such compounds are e.g. dasatinib, motesanib, Doramapimod, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and Canertinib.

Preferably the inhibitor is selected from compounds with a Kd of lower than 3000 nM, preferably lower than 2000 nM, especially preferred lower than 1000 nM. In particular, these compounds can be selected from dasatinib (Kd 0.31 nM), motesanib (Kd 99 nM), Doramapimod (Kd 360 nM), Pelitinib (Kd 190 nM), sorafenib (Kd 440 nM) and Vandetanib (Kd 480 nM). The Kd may also be up to 750 nM or up to 500 nM.

Kd, Ki or IC50 values of course relate to the binding or inhibiting capability of a given compound on a given target, such as one of FRK, PDE4D, LPAR3, CAMK1D, CSNK1G3 or FMO3, as associated herein.

In preferred embodiments the FRK modulator is selected from compounds comprising a substituted pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline or pyridine group.

In especially preferred embodiments the FRK modulator is an FRK inhibitor. An inhibitor or antagonist is a compound that lowers or inhibits the activity of a given target here FRK. This can be achieved by binding to the target, e.g. but not necessarily to the catalytic center, and preventing the catalytic activity of the target.

Preferably an inhibitor or modulator, in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a substituted pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline or pyridine group, such as from motesanib (AMG-706), Pelitinib (EKB-569), sorafenib (sorafenib), Vandetanib (Vandetanib), canertinib (CI-1033).

Preferably an inhibitor or modulator, in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a substituted aniline group with a Kd value less than 1000 nM, such as dasatinib (dasatinib), motesanib (AMG-706), Doramapimod (BIRB 796), Pelitinib (EKB-569), sorafenib (sorafenib), Vandetanib Vandetanib).

Preferably an inhibitor or modulator, in particular of FRK, is selected from compounds comprising a chlorine, fluorine or chlorine and fluorine substituted aniline group. Such compounds are e.g. dasatinib, Pelitinib, sorafenib, Vandetanib and canertinib.

In preferred embodiments an FRK inhibitor selected from compounds comprising an aniline group, selected from dasatinib dasatinib), motesanib (AMG-706), doramapimod (BIRB 796), pelitinib (EKB-569), sorafenib (sorafenib), vandetanib vandetanib), canertinib (CI-1033) and imatinib (STI-571) is for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, such as painful diabetic neuropathy, such as painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, such as diabetic polyneuropathy, such as sciatic pain, such as radiculopathy, such as radicular pain or such as non-inflammatory neuropathic pain. The aniline group is preferably a substituted aniline group and is e.g. selected from a chloride and/or fluoride substituted aniline group or a carbonyl substituted aniline. Preferably the aniline group is a carbonyl substitution, such as in dasatinib (dasatinib), motesanib (AMG-706), doramapimod (BIRB 796), pelitinib (EKB-569), sorafenib (sorafenib), canertinib (CI-1033) and imatinib (STI-571), and can be used in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

In preferred embodiments the FRK inhibitor is a selective FRK inbibitor. By “selective” it is meant that the affinity for FRK is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affinity for other tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit.

In further embodiments there is provided an LPAR3 inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such a compound is e.g. selected from NSC161613, NSC47091, N6-Benzyladenosine-5′-phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid.

Surprisingly it could be shown that in case of LPAR3 both activators or agonists and inhibitors or antagonists can be effective in the treatment of pain. Thus any artificial change in the expression or activity of LPAR3 can ameliorate pain. Preferably the LPAR3 modulator is selected from compounds comprising N6-Benzyladenosine-5′-phosphate, p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC161613 and NSC47091. In particular preferred cases the LPAR3 modulator is an LPAR3 inhibitor. Such an inhibitor is e.g. p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, NSC161613 or NSC47091.

In further embodiments there is provided a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such a compound may be selected from cilomilast, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Piclamilast, V11294, Luteolin, Apremilast, Arofylline, Atizoram, Catramilast, Cimpyfylline, Daxalipram, Doxofylline, drotaverin, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Broncholytine, Irimilast, oglemilast, Choline theophyllinate, Pumafentrine, Revamilast, Ronomilast, Tofimilast, Tolafentrine, Trapidil, GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), CDP-840, YM-976, CI-1018, D-4418, Lirimilast, SCH-351591, RPL-554, IPL-455903 (HT-0712), GSK256066, Zardaverine, Vardenafil, Tetomilast, IC485, L-826,141, ONO-6126, CI-1044, MK-0873, T-2585, R1533 (MEM-1414), UK-500,001, AN2728, DE-103, Tofisopam, Dextofisopam, Levotofisopam (USAN).

Preferably the PDE4D inhibitor is selected from a compound comprising a 1,2-dioxy-aryl group with an IC₅₀ value of 1100 nM or less, preferably 1050 nM or less, preferably 1000 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 950 nM or less, preferably 900 nM or less. Such a PDE4D inhibitor is preferably selected from cilomilast (cilomilast, IC₅₀ of 11 nM), Roflumilast (Roflumilast, IC₅₀ of 0.68 nM), Filaminast (Filaminast, IC₅₀ of 1000 nM), Piclamilast (Piclamilast, IC₅₀ of 0.02 nM), (V11294, IC₅₀ of 200 nM), Apremilast (CC-10004), Atizoram CP80633), Catramilast (Catramilast), Daxalipram (Daxalipram/mesopram, IC₅₀ of 1100 nM), drotaverin (Drotaverine), (Glaucine Hydrobromide), oglemilast (GRC3886, IC₅₀ of 166 nM), Pumafentrine (Pumafentrine), Revamilast (Revamilast, IC₅₀ of 2.7 nM), Tolafentrine (Tolafentrine, IC₅₀ of 30 nM), CDP-840, IC₅₀ of 2.1 nM), (RPL-554), (IPL-455903 (HT-0712)), Zardaverine (Zardaverine, IC₅₀ of 390 nM), Tetomilast (OPC-6535, IC₅₀ of 70 nM), (L-826,141, IC₅₀ of 2.4 nM), Ronomilast (ELB353, IC₅₀ of 3.5 nM), Tofisopam (Tofisopam, IC₅₀ of 900 nM).

In a further preferred embodiment the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprises a 1,2-dioxy-aryl group substituted with an alkyl or flour-alkyl group, or 1,2-dioxy-aryl group condensed in a furan ring containing oxygen. Such a compound is e.g. selected from cilomilast (cilomilast), Roflumilast (Roflumilast), Filaminast (Filaminast), Piclamilast (Piclamilast), (V11294), Apremilast (CC-10004), Daxalipram (Daxalipram/mesopram), drotaverin (Drotaverine), broncholytine (Glaucine Hydrobromide), oglemilast (GRC3886), Pumafentrine (Pumafentrine), Revamilast (Revamilast), Tolafentrine (Tolafentrine), (RPL-554), Zardaverine (Zardaverine), Tetomilast (OPC-6535), (L-826,141), Ronomilast (ELB353), Tofisopam (Tofisopam).

In another aspect of PDE4D inhibitors or modulators there is provided a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprising a 3,5-dichlor-pyridine group or a pyridine group that is not condensed in a 2 ring structure. Such compounds may be selected from Roflumilast (Roflumilast), Piclamilast (Piclamilast), oglemilast (GRC3886), Revamilast (Revamilast), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), D-4418, SCH-351591.

Also provided is a PDE4D inhibitor or modulator comprising a quinoline, isoquinoline or pyrimidine group. Such a compound can be selected from drotaverine (Drotaverine), Pumafentrine (Pumafentrine), Tolafentrine (Tolafentrine), Trapidil (Seoanin), D-4418, SCH-351591, RPL-554, SK256066, T-2585, Ronomilast (ELB353).

In a further embodiment the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator is selected from compounds comprising an aniline group, in particular preferred a carbonyl- or chlorine-substituted aniline. Such compounds are e.g. Apremilast (CC-10004), Arofylline (LAS31025), CI-1044, T-2585.

The PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention may comprise a purine ring. Such a compound can be selected from (IBMX), (V11294), Arofylline (LAS31025), Cimpyfylline (BRL-61063), Doxofylline (Doxofylline), Etamiphylline (Etamiphylline), Etofylline (Etofylline), Choline theophyllinate (oxtriphyllin), Theophylline (Theophylline). These compounds are preferably used for the treatment of neuropathic pain, especially non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.

In a further embodiment the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention is essentially the only active pharmaceutical ingredient of the composition or medicament according to the invention, such as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient, in particular the only anti-pain compound, of the composition or medicament according to the invention. Preferably the PDE4D inhibitor or modulator for use according to the invention is not combined with or used in combination with a phospholipase inhibitor. Especially preferred, CI-1018 is not combined with or used in combination with a phospholipase inhibitor when used according to the invention.

In further embodiments there is provided a CAMK1D inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such a compound may be selected from Bosutinib, Pelitinib, EKB-568, SU-14813, Ruboxistaurin, CGP-52421.

The CAMK1D inhibitor or modulator preferably comprises a chlorine-substituted aniline group. Such compounds can be selected from Bosutinib (SKI-606) and Pelitinib (EKB-569).

Preferably the CAMK1D inhibitor is selected from the group of bosutinib (SKI-606), pelitinib (EKB-569), EKB-568 and CGP-52421 for use in the treatment of pain.

In preferred embodiments the CAMK1D modulator is a selective CAMK1D modulator. By “selective” it is meant that the affinity for CAMK1D is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affinity for other tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit.

In further embodiments there is provided a CSNK1G3 inhibitor or modulator for use in the treatment of pain. Such compound can be roscovitine.

The CSNK1G3 inhibitor or modulator preferably comprises a purine ring. Such compound can be roscovitine.

In preferred embodiments the CSNK1G3 inhibitor is a selective CSNK1G3 inbibitor. By “selective” it is meant that the affinity for CSNK1G3 is at least 10-fold, preferably 25-fold, more preferred 100-fold, still preferred 150-fold higher than the affinity for other tyrosine kinase receptors, especially one or both of FLT3 or c-Kit.

In preferred embodiments of the invention the compound for use in the treatment of pain comprises a quinoline or isoquinoline group. Such compounds are e.g. Bosutinib, Pelitinib (EKB-569), drotaverin (Drotaverine), Pumafentrine (Pumafentrine), Tolafentrine (Tolafentrine), D-4418, SCH-351591, RPL-554, (GSK256066), T-2585, Ronomilast (ELB353), preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMK1D. These compounds are preferably for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, preferably non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.

In preferred embodiments of the invention the compound for use in the treatment of pain comprises a chlorine-substituted aniline group. Such compounds are e.g. selected from dasatinib dasatinib), bosutinib (SKI-606), sorafenib (sorafenib), Canertinib (CI-1033), Arofylline (LAS31025), T-2585, Pelitinib (EKB-569), preferably the compound being an inhibitor of FRK, PDE4D or CAMK1D. These compounds are preferably for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, preferably non-inflammatory neuropathic pain.

The inventive compound can be used in combination with other active analgesic/anti-pain compounds, preferably only with those described herein or above or in the claims, or used as single active analgesic/anti-pain compound.

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a 1,2-Dioxyaryl group. Especially preferred the compound comprises a 1,2-Dioxyaryl group substituted with a basic residue, such as Vandetanib (Vandetanib), SKI-606 (Bosutinib). The compound may comprise a 1,2-Dioxyaryl group substituted with a cycloaliphatic residue, such as cilomilast (cilomilast), Roflumilast (Roflumilast), Filaminast (Filaminast), Piclamilast (Piclamilast), V11294, CP80633 (Atizoram), Catramilast/Atopik (Catramilast), CDP-840, IPL-455903 (HT-0712). The compound may comprise a 1,2-dioxy-aryl substituted with an alkyl residue, such as CC-10004 (Apremilast), Daxalipram/mesopram (Daxalipram), Drotaverine (drotaverin), Glaucine Hydrobromide (Broncholytine), Pumafentrine (Pumafentrine), Tolafentrine (Tolafentrine), RPL-554, Zardaverine Zardaverine), OPC-6535 (Tetomilast), Tofisopam (Tofisopam). The compound may comprise a 1,2-dioxy-aryl substituted with a fluor-alkyl group, such as GRC3886 (oglemilast), Revamilast (Revamilast), Zardaverine (Zardaverine), L-826,141, ELB353 (Ronomilast). The compound may comprise a 1,2-dioxy-aryl in a condensed furan ring with an oxygen, such as GRC3886 (oglemilast), Revamilast (Revamilast).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises an indole group, especially an indole group as part of a ringsystem, such as CGP-52421, midostaurin (PKC-412).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a substituted indole, such as GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), AMG-706 (motesanib), SU-14813, LY-333531 (Ruboxistaurin), SKI-606 (Bosutinib).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a purine ring, such as N6-Benzyladenosine-5′-phosphate, V11294, LAS31025 (Arofylline), BRL-61063 (Cimpyfylline), Doxofylline (Doxofylline), Etamiphylline (Etamiphylline), Etofylline (Etofylline), oxtriphyllin (Choline theophyllinate), Roscovitine (Roscovitine), Tenofovir (PMPA) (Tenofovir), Remofovir (Pradefovir), Adefovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) (Adefovir).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a sulfone or sulfonic acid or sulfonamide group, especially a methyl-suflone, such as Lirimilast (Lirimilast). The compound may comprise a siaryl-sulfone, such as GSK256066, Vardenafil (Vardenafil). The compound may comprise a sulfonic acid group, such as p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid. The compound may comprise a Sulfonamide group, such as Tolafentrine (Tolafentrine), Acetazolamide (Acetazolamide).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a pyridine group. Preferably the compound comprises an unsubstituted pyridine radical, such as Nicotinamide (Nicotinamide), or CI-1044. The compound may comprise a 3,5-Dichlorpyridine group, such as Roflumilast (Roflumilast), Piclamilast (Piclamilast), GRC3886 (oglemilast), Revamilast (Revamilast), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), D-4418, SCH-351591. The compound may comprise a substituted pyridine group, such as AMG-706 (motesanib), sorafenib (sorafenib), Etazolate (Etazolate), Tofimilast (Tofimilast), GSK256066, MK-0873.

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a quinolone or isoquinoline or condensed isoquinoline group. The compound may comprise a quinolone group such as EKB-569 (Pelitinib), D-4418, SCH-351591, GSK256066, MK-0873, SKI-606 (Bosutinib). The compound may comprise a isoquinoline or condensed isoquinoline group, such as Drotaverine (drotaverin), Pumafentrine (Pumafentrine), Tolafentrine (Tolafentrine), RPL-554, ELB353 (Ronomilast).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a pyrimidine group, such as Vandetanib (Vandetanib), CI-1033 (Canertinib), Seoanin (Trapidil), tozasertib (MK-0457, VX 680).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention is a compound with 3 nitrogens in a ring structures, such as YM-976.

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a carbonic or phosphoric acid group. The compound may comprise a carbonic acid group, such as OPC-6535 (Tetomilast). The compound may comprise a phosphoric acid group, such as N6-Benzyladenosine-5′-phosphate, Tenofovir (PMPA) (Tenofovir).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises an esther group, such as Remofovir (Pradefovir) (Pradefovir), Adefovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) (Adefovir).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a aniline group, especially preferred a chloride and/or fluoride substituted aniline group. The compound may comprise a Chlor-fluor-aniline, auch as EKB-569 (Pelitinib), CI-1033 (Canertinib). The compound may comprise a Chloraniline or dichlor-aniline, such as dasatinib (dasatinib), sorafenib (sorafenib), LAS31025 (Arofylline), T-2585, SKI-606 (Bosutinib). The compound may comprise a Fluor-aniline, such as Vandetanib (Vandetanib), SU-14813.

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a carbonyl-substituted aniline, such as dasatinib (dasatinib), AMG-706 (motesanib), BIRB 796 (Doramapimod), EKB-569 (Pelitinib), sorafenib (sorafenib), CI-1033 (Canertinib), p-Aminobenzoly PAB-J acid, CC-10004 (Apremilast), CI-1044, NSC47091.

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a diaryl-thioether group, such as tozasertib (MK-0457, VX 680).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention comprises a 1,3-Dioxyaryl group, such as Efloxate (Efloxate).

In preferred embodiments the compound for use according to the invention is selected from Methimazole, AN2728, NSC161613, especially a compound without one or more or all of the above mentioned groups.

The present invention also provides a method of treating pain in a subject comprising the administration of a therapeutic compound selected from the compounds of table 1. In a related aspect the present invention provides the use of a compound of table 1 for the manufacture of an analgesic or a medicament for the treatment of pain in a subject. The invention is further defined by the subject matter of the claims.

The inventive compounds have been identified by a thorough screening system based on genetic analysis, starting from drosophila hits. Drosophila (fruit flies) respond to noxious stimuli, and have become a powerful model organism for studying genetics, including the genetics of nociception. For instance, the TRP channel PAINLESS was previously identified as a heat-responsive channel mediating thermal-based nociception in fly larvae. Using genome-wide neuronal-specific RNAi knock-down, the present invention provides a global screen for an innate behavior and identify hundreds of novel genes implicated in nociception in the fly, including the α2δ-family calcium channel subunit straightjacket or the phospholipid kinase PI3 Kgamma. The initial drosophila screen yielded targets having homologous targets in various organisms, including humans. For example, observation of the mammalian straightjacket ortholog, α2δ3, and PI3 Kgamma in nociception was confirmed in knock-out mice that exhibit significantly impaired basal pain sensitivity and delayed thermal hyperalgesia after inflammation. In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in α2δ3 or PIK3CG were found that are associated with reduced acute pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers and chronic postsurgical back pain. Based on the validated genetic data various compounds have been identified that are capable of treating or suppressing pain in various organisms, in particular in humans. In a further screening, several compounds have been identified which modulate or antagonize or inhibit, that is lower the targets activity in vivo or as can be determined in an in vitro assay as described herein or known in the art (e.g. Enzyme activity assay to determine IC₅₀ values), which are active in the treatment or reduction of pain in a subject. In particular the compounds to be used in any form of treatment according to the present invention are selected from any one of (1S,2S)-2-(2-(N-((3-benzimidazol-2-yl)propyl)-N-methylamino)ethyl)6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride, (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine, (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, (T,G)-A-L, 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol, 1-(1-cyclohexylethylamino)-4-phenylphthalazine, 1-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-6-trifluoromethoxy-2,3-dihydropyrrolo (3,2-c) quinoline, 1-(2,3-dichlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-(2-(mopholin-4-yl)ethyl)-1H-indole, 1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-4-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-pyridinyl)methyl)piperazine, 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, 1-adamantyl propargyl ether, 1-aminobenzotriazole, 1-aminooxy-3-aminopropane, 1-hydrazino-4-(3,5-dimethyl)-1-pyrazolyl-5H-pyridazino(4,5b)indole, 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, 1-Nitropyren-8-ol, 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myoinositol 3-phosphates, 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(4-t-butylphenyl)methane, 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(4 hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines, 1,2-ethanedithiol, 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine, 1,2,4-triazines, 1,25-dihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, 1,25D3, 1,3-Dcg, 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole, 1,3-dipropyl-8-(3-noradamantyl)xanthine, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,7-dioxa-2,6-diaza-4,4-dioxide-4,7a-dithia-3H,5H-benzo(cd)pentalene, 10-deoxymethynolide, 10-propargyl-10-deazaminopterin, 10-undecynoic acid, 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone, 11-cis-retinal, 11-hydroxycannabinol, 12-Hht, 13-Lox, 13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid, 15 hete, 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 1843U89, 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, 1H-indole, 1H-pyrazole, 1H-pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridine, 2 APB, 2-(1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-5-methoxyindol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)maleimide, 2-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-6-(2-phenylpyrazolo(1,5-a)pyridin-3-yl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone, 2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile, 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole, 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 2-(cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazino)adenosine, 2-AAF, 2-acetylthiomethyl-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)propionic acid, 2-AG, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, 2-AP, 2-CADO, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide, 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hepten-6-ynamide, 2-cyanomethylthiopyridine-4-carbonitrile, 2-cyclopentyl-5-(5-isoquinolylsulfonyl)-6-nitro-1H-benzo(D)imidazole, 2-DG, 2-hydroxy-4-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)benzoic acid, 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo(4,5-f)quinoline, 2-ME, 2-methoxyacetic acid [2-[2-[3-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl-methyl-amino]ethyl]-6-fluoro-1-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl]ester, 2-methyl-1-((4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl)sulfonyl)homopiperazine, 2-N-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine, 2-Naftol, 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, 2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline, 2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol, 2,2′-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine, 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-bipyridine, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,3-bis(3′-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol, 2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate, 2,4-diaminoquinazoline, 2,4-thiazolidinedione, 21-hydroxy-9beta,10alpha-pregna-5,7-diene-3-ol-20-one, 25-desacetylrifabutin, 25-Hydroxycholesterol, 25(OH)D3,3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine, 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol, 3-(2 h)-pyridazinone, 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-N-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)-4-methoxybenzamide, 3-aminopyrazole, 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one, 3-BHA, 3-hydroxybutanal, 3-hydroxyflunitrazepam, 3-Hydroxyquinine, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-Xanthine, 3-keto-desogestrel, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, 3-Methoxymorphinan, 3-Methoxyoestradiol, 3-methylcholanthrene, 3-MI, 3,3′,4,5′-tetrahydroxystilbene, 3,4-DCI, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime, 4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol, 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone, 4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol, 4-(4-(N-benzoylamino)anilino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(1-morpholino)propoxy)quinazoline, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole, 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide, 4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, 4-AP, 4-azidosalicylic acid, 4-dimethylamino-3′,4′-dimethoxychalcone, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta, 4-hydroxynon-2-enal, 4-hydroxytriazolam, 4-methyl-N-(3-(4-methylimidazol-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-((4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)benzamide, 4-phenylbutyric acid, 4-S-cysteaminylphenol, 4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether, 4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-dipyridyl disulfide, 4,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxyfuro(2,3-b)quinoline, 4′-epidoxorubicin, 4′-N-benzoylstaurosporine, 4(2′-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanone, 4alphaPDD, 5-((1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-propanoic acid, 5-(4′-(N-piperidinyl)phenylazo)indazole, 5-7-oxo-zeaenol, 5-AC, 5-acetylneuraminyl-(2-3)-galactosyl-(1-4)-(fucopyranosyl-(1-3))-N-acetylglucosamine, 5-azido-1H-indole-3-acetic acid, 5-HT, 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, 5-Mop, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5,6-dimethylxanthenoneacetic acid, 5′-O-(((2-decanoylamino-3-phenylpropyloxycarbonyl)amino)sulfonyl)uridine, 6 beta-hydroxycortisol, 6-Aminochrysene-1,2-dihydrodiol, 6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate, 6-deoxy-6-bromoascorbic acid, 6-hydroxydexamethasone, 6-Mercaptopurine, 6,6′-oxybis(2,2-dimethylhexanoic acid), 64Gd, 7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(2-ethyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-b)pyridazine, 7-benzylamino-6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidinopteridine, 7-benzyloxyquinoline, 7-CDL, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, 7-ketocholesterol, 7,8-BF, 7,8-dihydroneopterin, 7′-Isothiocyanato-11-hydroxy-1′,1′-dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol, 7C3MT, 7H-Pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine, 8-((4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio)-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, 8-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-10-methyl-3-((4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)amino)-2,4,10-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)deca-1,3,5,7-tetraen-9-one, 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine, 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, 8-Isoprostane, 8,10-bis((2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl)oxy)-11-methyl-1234-tetrahydro-6H-benzo(beta)quinolizin-6-one, 9-(4′-aminophenyl)-9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole, 9-anthroic acid, 9-CRA, 9-hydroxy-risperidone, 9,10-anthraquinone, 9H-xanthene, A 71915, A-300-I, a-ADP, A73025, Abbott, abciximab, Absele, ABT-737, acetamide 45, Aceton, acetonitrile, acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid, acetylcholine, acetyl-valerenolic acid, Aclarubicin, Acolen, ACON, ACT D, actinium, Actosin, adalimumab, Adalin, Adanon, Adfeed, adinazolam, Adofeed, Adrenor, Adrin, AEBSF, Aeromax, afloqualone, AGMATINE, AIDSVAX, ajoene, ajulemic acid, alachlor, Aladerm, alaninate, Alat, Alcolo, Alcuronium, Aldara, ALDO, Aldrich, alemtuzumab, Alfarol, Alfentanil, ALIMTA, aliskiren, Alli, ALLN, alloxazine, allyl isothiocyanate, almokalant, aloesin, Alprenolol, Alvesco, AM 1387, AM 251, Am 80, AMD 070, Amiloride, Aminacrine, Amine BB, amino-polyethyleneoxide-sulfonate, aminoflavone, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amphotericin B, amprenavir, Amrinone, amsonic acid, Amygdalin, AN 207, Anaboleen, anacardic acid, Anandamide, Anco, Andrographis, Androtine, Aneol, Ang II, Anisomycin, Anon, Anthocyanins, anthra(1,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)-one, anthracene, anthralin, Anthricin, anthrone, antibiotic G 418, antibiotic H107, Antimycin A, Anyvim, APAP, APDC, Aphidicolin, Aphloiol, apicidin, Apigenin, apocynin, Apotransferrin, aprepitant, APRL, AQ4N, arabinogalactan, Arac, Aralen, Arasine, Areca, Arecoline, Areether, argatroban, aripiprazole, Aron, Artein, Artra, arvanil, asiatic acid, asiaticoside, Asmax, Asmol, ASTA, astatine, Astemizole, Astragaloside A, atazanavir, ATL 146e, Atorel, atorvastatin, Atovaquone, ATRA, Atropine, Auranofin, AuTM, auxin, avasimibe, AVE 0118, avicularin, Avid, Axert, Axsain, Aza-dC, Aza-deoxycytidine, azacyclonol, Azadc, azamulin, azaspirane, azelaic acid, azelastine, azelnidipine, azido ruthenium, Azine, Azithromycin, Azobisisobutyramidinium dichloride, Azole, Azoles, Azolidine, Azophen, Azor, BA (VAN), Ba 0108E, bacitracin, Baclofen, bacterial lysate, bafilomycin A1, Bagren, baicalein, Barbiturate, Barnidipine, BAY 11-7085, BB-K8, BCNU, Beflavin, Belt, benazepril, bendamustine, Benidipine, benzamidine, benzimidazolide, Benzodiazepines, Benzodioxoles, Benzphetamine, benzydamine N-oxide, benzylamine, benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde, benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone, beractant, berberine, bergamottin, bergaptol, beta-glycerophosphoric acid, beta-lapachone, beta-Naphthoflavone, beta-propiolactone, Bethanechol, betulinic acid, bexarotene, Bezafibrate, BG 9928, BGC945, biapigenin, BIBX 1382BS, biphenyl-4-ol, BIRB 796, bisindolylmaleimide I, bisindolylmaleimide III, Bisoprolol, bisperoxovanadium, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate, bizelesin, BL1521, Bla-S, Blow, BM 41.440, BML 241, BMS 310705, BMS204352, BMS453, Bo-Xan, Boltin, Bonopen, boron, Borrelia-burgdorferi, bortezomib, bosentan, bosutinib, botrocetin, BPDE, BR-II, Brake, bredinin, Brefeldin A, Bromazepam, bromocis-stilbene, brucine, bryostatin 1, Budesonide, bufalin, bufuralol, Bumetanide, BuOH, Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, BUPROPION, Buspirone, Busulfan, Buthionine Sulfoximine, Butyrate, butyrolactone I, C 1027, C 76, CACP, Calcijex, Calcimycin, calphostin C, Calyculin, Camptothecin, Canef, cangrelor, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cantharidin, CAPE, Capsaicin, capsaicinoids, capsazepine, Carbachol, Carbamazepine, carbapenem, Carbapenems, carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal, Carbolines, Carboxyethyl-phenethylamino-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, Cardiolipins, carebastine, CARNOSOL, carrageenans, carvacrol, carvedilol, Casodex, caspofungin, casticin, catechins, CB 3717, Cbdca, CCPA, CD 437, CDP 840, Cefoxitin, celecoxib, cephalomannine, cephalosporins, cepharanthine, cerebrolysin, cerivastatin, Cetomacrogol, cetrorelix, cetuximab, CGP 12177, CGS 15943A, CGS 21680, CH-THF, CH2CHO, Chalcone, CHAPS, Chinine, Chitosan, Chloramphenicol, chlorophenyl-ethane, chlorophyllin, chlorophyllypt, chlorpromazine, Chlorpropham, Chlorzoxazone, Cholestanol, CHOLINE, Chonsurid, chromophore, Chrysin, chymostatin, CI1033, cicaprost, cifostodine, ciglitazone, Cilazapril, Cilomilast, cilostazol, Cimetidine, cinacalcet, cinitapride, cinnamic aldehyde, cionin, Cipol N, Ciprofloxacin, Ciprol, cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid, Cisapride, Citalopram, Citox, CITRULLINE, clebopride, clevidipine, clobazam, Clodronic Acid, clofarabine, Clofibric Acid, Clomipramine, Clonazepam, Clonidine, clopidogrel, clotiazepam, Clozapine, clozapine N-oxide, CNI 1493, Co 2-1970, Coagulin, Colchicine, compactin, CONT, Cotinine, Cotrim, coumarin, CRA 024781, CRA 026440, Crestor, Crodacid, Crypt-2,2,2, cryptdin 3, cryptotanshinone, cryptoxanthin, CUBE, CVT 3146, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanoginosin-LA, Cyclandelate, cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3′-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester, cyclo-hexyl-methyl, cyclopamine, Cyclopentenone, cyclopiazonic acid, Cyproheptadine, Cyproterone Acetate, cystathionine, cysteamine, cysteinyl-leukotriene, Cytarabine, cytochalasin B, Cytochalasin D, cytochalasin E, D 22888, D 23129, DA 8159, Dacarbazine, DADSO, daidzein, danaproid, Dapsone, Daral, Darifenacin, darunavir, dasatinib, Daunorubicin, Dayfen, DBPC, DDB, DDE, Debrisoquin, decursin, Deethylamiodarone, deferiprone, Deferoxamine, deguelin, dehydroaripiprazole, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, Delavirdine, delta8-THC, Denagard, denbinobin, denileukin diftitox, denopamine, Depas, deramciclane, desethylchloroquine, desflurane, desisobutyrylciclesonide, desmethylazelastine, Desmethyldeprenyl, Devazepide, Dexfenfluramine, dexloxiglumide, Dextropropoxyphene, dFdC, DEMO, DHEA, DHLA, di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl-2′)butane, Diaben, Diacomit, diadenosine tetraphosphate, Dial, Diamide, DIAN, diarsenic trioxide, Dibenzanthracene, Dicid, Diclofenac, Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, diethyl maleate, Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine, Digicor, Digitin, Digoxin, Dihydroqinghaosu, Dihydroxycholecalciferols, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, dillapiol, Diltiazem, Dimethadione, dimethyl fumarate, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, dimethyl-hydrazide, dimethylamino-purine, dimuonium, dinitrophenol, Dinoprostone, dioxirane, Dipalmitoyl, diphenylalanine, Diphenylamine, diphenyleneiodonium, Dipyridamole, Dipyrone, discodermolide, Diterpenes, Dithionite, diuretic, Diuron, divinyl benzene, dl-Ipr, DMGG, DMPX, DMSO, Dobutamine, Doca, Doconexent, dodecyl-phosphocholine, dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether, Domperidone, DOTA, Doxazosin, Doxorubicin, Doxycycline, DPC 681, DPCPX, Droxia, DTMC, dulcin, Durapatite, DX 9065a, Dxms, Dynatra, E 10, E 3330, E-MIX 80, E.O., EACA, ebastine, ebrotidine, Echinomycin, Econ, econazole, ecteinascidin 743, Edetic Acid, Edex, efavirenz, EGCg, EGTA, eletriptan, Elicide, Empecid, Enalapril, Endocannabinoids, endomorphin 1, Enediynes, enflurane, enone, Enoximone, entacapone, Entex, enzastaurin, EOS, EPC-K(1), EPEG, EPIB, epibatidine, Epicar, Epoprostenol, epoxybergamottin, epsilon-viniferin, erastin, ergosterol-5,8-peroxide, Eril, erlotinib, erucin, Eryc, erythritol anhydride, esterbut-3, Estriol, ET18-Ome, Etfc cpd, Ethacrynic Acid, Ethan, Ethinyl-oestradiol, Ethylmorphine, Ethynodiol Diacetate, Eticol, Etidronic Acid, Etodolac, Etoposide, etoricoxib, etravirine, Eufor, Eugenol, eupatilin, everolimus, Evex, Evodin, exenatide, Exosurf, Expectorants, Extina, Ezerin, ezetimib, Facet, Facid, facile, Factor IIa, FAMP, Fanchinine, Farnesyl-PP, farnesylthiosalicylic acid, febuxostat, felbamate, Felodipine, Fenfluramine, fenitrothion, fenofibric acid, Fenretinide, Fentanyl, ferulic acid, Filipin, fingolimod, fipronil, fisetin, Flanin F, Flavon, flavonols, flavopiridol, Flavyl, FLCZ, Flecamide, Floxacillin, flufenamic acid, Flunitrazepam, fluorexon, Fluorouracil, fluvoxamine, FOLATE-ANALOG, fondaparinux, Fonofos, Format, Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate, Forskolin, fosamprenavir, Foscarnet, FR 120480, FR 235222, fraxin, FTY 720P, fucoidan, fulvestrant, fumagillin, Fura-2, furafylline, Furamon, Furylfuramide, Gabexate, gadolinium, Gadolinium DTPA, galactocerebroside, galactomannan, galangin, galaturonate, gallic acid, Gallogen, gambierol, Gambogic acid, gamma-butyric-acid, Ganciclovir, gastrin 17, gatifloxacin, gefitinib, Geldanamycin, Gemfibrozil, gemtuzumab, Gentamicins, gepirone, geraniol, geranylcoumarin, Gestodene, GF 120918, GGTI 298, GI 129471, gingerol, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rh2, Ginsenosides, GLCa, Gliclazide, Glumin, Glyoxal, Gnidimacrin, GnRH, Go 6976, gossypol, GR 79236X, gramicidin S, Granisetron, Gravistat, Grofo, Guggulsterone, GW 4064, GW 501516, H 89, Halan, halofuginone, harmine, Harzol, hassium, HDMTX, Hecogenin, Hectorol, Heet, helenalin, Hemicholinium 3, herbimycin, hesperadin, HESPERETIN, Hexadimethrine, hexarelin, Hgln, himbacine, Hk, Hocus, HOE 33342, honokiol, Horner, HS1200, HU 211, HyateC, Hydroxin, hydride, Hydromorphone, Hydroxychloroquine, hydroxycotinine, hydroxylamine, Hydroxytryptophol, Hyhorin, Hypaque, hyperforin, hypericin, Hypericum-perforatum, hypochlorous acid, iberin, IBMX, ibopamine, ibudilast, IC 831423, icariin, icaritin, icilin, ICRF 193, IDS 23, Ifosfamide, Ikarugamycin, ilimaquinone, Iloprost, Imadyl, imatinib, imidafenacin, imidazo-pyridine, imidazolidin-2-one, imidazolidin-one, imidazolidine, Imidazoline, imidazolyl-disulfide, Imipenem, Imizin, Immulina, Immunoferon, Impulsin, Imrecoxib, Imutex, Indinavir, indiplon, indirubin, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-methanol, indolin-2-one, indolin-one, infliximab, inhibin B, INOmax, inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, inulin, Iodoacetamide, iodomethane, iodoresiniferatoxin, Ionomycin, ionophore, Iopanoic Acid, Iophendylate, IPADE, IPOMEANOL, Iressa, irinotecan, irisolidone, Isatin, isaxonine, isoamylol, isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine, Isodonol, isoflavone, isoflurane, Isol, Isoliquiritigenin, isometronidazole, isoprenoids, Isopropyl Thiogalactoside, Isoprostanes, Isorhamnetin, isosilybin A, Isosorbide Dinitrate, isothiocyanates, Isotretinoin, Isradipine, istradefylline, Itraconazole, ivabradine, Ivermectin, ixabepilone, jadomycin B, Jexin, JHW 015, JTE 013, K 252, K-PAM, K-SR, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-1-rhamnopyranoside), KAFA, Kaken, Kamalin, Kaolin, Kathon 886, KB 141, Kemi, kenpaullone, Ketamine, Keto-desogestrel, Keto-pgflalpha, ketoglutarate, Kipca, KMD 3213, KMTB, Kojic acid, KR-31543, KRM 1648, L 365260, L 740,093, L-454,560, L-696,474, L-T3, LAAM, lacidipine, lactacystin, lactisole, lamotrigine, Lanol, lansoprazole, lapatinib, laquinimod, latrunculin A, latrunculin B, lavendustin A, LBH589, leflunomide, lenalidomide, Lendorm, Lentinan, leptomycin B, Leucovorin, Leukotriene C4, Leukotriene D4, leukotrienes, Leupeptin, Levamisole, Levitra, levobupivacaine, Levonorgestrel, levugen, liarozole, Lidocaine, lilopristone, Lipoate, Lipofectamine, lipoteichoic acid, Lipoxins, lissamine rhodamine B, lithocholic acid, LMWH, LNAC, lonafarnib, Loperamide, lopinavir, Loratadine, Lorazepam, Lorex, lorglumide, Losartan, Lovan, loxiglumide, LUF 5831, lupeol, luteolin, LY 117018, LY 293111, LY231514, LYCOPENE, lysophosphatidic acid, Lysophosphatidylcholines, Lysophosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl-alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl-lysyl-lysyl-arginine, M&B22948, Malix, manidipine, manumycin, maraviroc, Matrine, MCYST-LR, Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2, mead ethanolamide, MeAsO(OH)2, Mebumal, Mechlorethamine, Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate, Mefenamic Acid, Megalomicin, Melarsoprol, Melatol, meletin, melitten, meloxicam, Melphalan, Memantine, menadiol, Menhaden oil, menthofuran, Meperidine, Mephenyloin, mesalamine, Mesaton, Meth, methanandamide, methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium, Methimazole, methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, Methorphan, Methox-salen, Methoxy-psoralen, methoxyamine, methoxychlor, methoxy-morphinan, methyl chloroformate, Methyl glycine, Methyl paraben, methyl salicylate, methyl tryptophan, methyl-dopa, methyl-phosphorothioate, methyl-Pyridinium, methylamine, Methylamylnitrosamine, Methylene-tetrahydrofolate, methylenetetrahydrofolates, methylglyoxal, methylnaltrexone, methyloxidanyl, methylparaben, methylphosphate, Methylprednisolone, methylxanthines, Metoclopramide, Metopiron, Metribolone, mevalonic acid, micafungin, miconazole, Mictonorm, Midazolam, Mifepristone, MIII, Milrinone, Mimosine, mirtazapine, Mit-C, mithramycin, MitoTracker-Red, Mitoxantrone, mizolastine, MLN8054, mofarotene, Monensin, mono-N-demethyladinazolam, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, monoethylglycinexylidide, monomethylarsonic acid, monoterpenes, monuron, MORIN, morpholine, morusin, motexafin gadolinium, Motuporin, moxifloxacin, MPEG, Muraglitazar, mutalipocin II, mycophenolic acid, Mycose, Myocol, myricetin, myxothiazol, N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide, N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide, N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone, N-(4-(6-(4-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)benzo(d)thiazol-2-yl)acetamide, N-(4-(6-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide, N-(4-cyano-benzo(b)thiophene-2-carbonyl)guanidine, N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide, N-acetylcysteine lysinate, n-acetylmuramyl-1-alanyl-d-isoglutamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-desmethylclobazam, N-ethylmaleimide, N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide, N-oleoyldopamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, N(6)-cyclohexyl-2-O-methyladenosine, N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine, N3-IQ, Nadroparin, naftifine, nal-NH2, NALS, nanchangmycin, Naproxen, naratriptan, narbonolide, NARIGENIN, Narkotil, Nasol, natalizumab, nateglinide, Naxy, nebivolol, Nefazodone, nefiracetam, Nelfinavir, Neomycin, Neopterin, Neostigmine, Neut, Nevirapine, NFBA, Nialk, Nicardipine, Niflumic Acid, nimesulide, niobium, nitecapone, nitroanilide, nitroaspirin, Nitrofurans, NITROPYRENE, nitrosamines, Nitrosoanabasine, Nitrosocysteine, nitrosulindac, Nizatidine, NK 104, NK314, NMDA, NN 703, Noan, Nobiletin, NOC 18, Nocodazole, nodularin, Nodularin v, nolatrexed, Nonoxynol, noralfentanil, norbuprenorphine, Norclozapine, Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, Norethindrone, noreximide, norfluoxetine, Norgestrel, norharman, norketobemidone, norlaudanosoline, normeperidine, Nortilidine, norverapamil, novobiocin, NS-187, NSC 23766, NSC 366140, NSC 663284, NSC-134754, NU2058, number-one, nutlin 3, NVP-AEW541, Nylon, O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol, O-desethylreboxetine, O-Due, o-quinone, obovatol, OCDD, octanediol, Octoxynol, Octreotide, Okadaic Acid, olanzapine, olefins, oleoylethanolamide, olmelin, olmesartan, olomoucine, olomoucine II, Oltipraz, omalizumab, omega-agatoxin, omega-Conotoxin GVIA, omega-N-Methylarginine, Omeprazole, omeprazole sulfone, onapristone, ONCB, Ondansetron, ONO4819, Optef, OR 1246, oroxylin A, Orphenadrine, Osten, osteum, OSU 03012, Ouabain, OVEX, Ovex, oxaliplatin, Oxarol, oxaspirodion, oxatomide, Oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, Oxotremorine, oxotremorine M, Oxymorphone, Oxyntomodulin, Oxytrol, p-ABA, p-XSC, p-Xylol, Paclitaxel, paeonol, palladium, palmitoleate, PALMITOYL, Palmitoylcarnitine, pamidronate, panaxadiol, panepoxydone, pantoprazole, Papaverine, Papite, PAPP, parecoxib, Paroxetine, Parsal, Parthenolide, PC 314, PCA 4230, PCSO, PD 134308, PD 144795, PD 180988, PD 98059, pectin, Pemetrexed, Penicillins, Penite, Pentagastrin, Pentoxifylline, Peplomycin, peppermint oil, Pepstatin A, Perazine, Pergolide, Perillol, Perilymph, periodate, perospirone, perovskite, PFPA, Phebestin, phen, phenolate, Phenols, phenoxodiol, Phenprocoumon, Phentermine, phenylpropionamide, phenyl-Pyridinium, Phenyloin, pheophorbide a, phloretin, PHOB, phorate, phorbol, phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate, phosphatidylethanolamines, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, PtdIns(4,5)P2, phytanic acid, Picibanil, picric acid, pifithrin, Pilot, pimecrolimus, pioglitazone, pipecoloxylidide, piperidine, piperine, Pira, pirinixic acid, Piroxicam, PKC412, plumbagin, Pluronic p 85, PMDT, PMPA, PMSF, PNPP, Podophyllotoxin, polidocanol, poly-gamma-glutamate, ponicidin, poractant alfa, posaconazole, potassium tellurate(IV), PQQ Cofactor, pranlukast, Pravastatin, Prazosin, PRDL, Precursor mrna, Prednisone, pregnane, Pregnanes, Pregnanolone, pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile, Pregnyl, preussin, Primidone, Proadifen, Proanthocyanidins, Probenecid, Probucol, Procasil, Procetofen, procyanidin B2, Prodix, prolactin, polymeric, Propafenone, Propanesulfonate, Propofol, propyl pyrazole triol, propyne, prostratin, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, PS15, Pseudohypericin, Pseudomonas-exotoxin, Psoralens, psychosine-3′-sulfate ester, PTBP, pteridine, Pterostilbene, PURAC, Puromycin, putrescine, Pyocyanine, Pyra, pyranones, pyrazole, Pyrethrins, pyridazine, Pyrimethamine, pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside, Pyro, pyrogallol sulfonphthalein, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid, pyrroloazepinone, Qingkailing, quercitrin, quetiapine, Quicifal, quinazoline, Quinolinium, Quinpirole, quinuclidin-3′-yl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate monosuccinate, quinupristin-dalfopristin, R-138727, R-99224, Raloxifene, raltitrexed, Ramipril, ramiprilat, RAMP, Ranitidine, RAPA, rasagiline, rebamipide, reboxetine, remifentanil, renzapride, repaglinide, Resiniferotoxin, resiquimod, Retardex, Riacon, Ribavirin, Riboflavin, Rifabutin, rifamycins, Rifocin, rimonabant, risedronic acid, risperidone, Ristocetin, Ritonavir, rituximab, Ro 13-8996, Ro 23-7553, Ro 23-7637, Ro 24-7429, Ro 31-6233, Ro 31-7549, Ro 31-8220, R04383596, Robitet, rofecoxib, roflumilast, rokitamycin, Rolipram, romidepsin, rooperol, ropivacaine, roscovitine, rosiglitazone, rosmarinic acid, rosuvastatin, Roxithromycin, Rozevin, RPR 121056, RU 58668, ruboxistaurin, rugosin E, rutecarpine, Rutin, S-(beta-p-methoxypropiophenone)thiamine, S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine, S-Nitrosothiols, S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine, sabarubicin, sabcomeline, Safingol, Safrole, SAGA, SAHA, saikosaponin, Salicin, salvin, samarium, SAMe, sanguinarine, sapogenins, Saquinavir, Sarasar, Sarna, sauchinone, saxatilin, SB 218078, SB 225002, SB 415286, SB-705498, scandium, SCH 66712, schizandrer A, scoparone, Scopoletin, Score, SDX 308, Selegiline, seocalcitol, Sep-Pak, Serad, sertindole, sevoflurane, SEW2871, shikonin, siderophore, Sildenafil, silvestrol, silybin, Sincalide, Sizofuran, SK-7041, SK&F 106528, SM 7368, Sodium pentosan poly sulfate, Sodium Salicylate, sorafenib, sorbinil, Sorbo, Sorbose, spiroglumide, Spironolactone, squamocin, SR 144528, SR 27897, SR 48692, SR 80327A, SR 90107A-ORG 31540, ST 638, stallimycin, Stanozolol, staurosporine, Stearin, Stereoisomerism, Steviol, Stevioside, STIL, stilbene-disulphonate, Stilbenes, Stim, Streptomycin, Styrene, styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer, SU 5416, SU 6668, SU 9516, suberate, suberosin, succinic semialdehyde, Sufentanil, Suldox, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine, Sulfaphenazole, Sulfasalazine, sulfate cellufine, sulfate-sulfate, sulfidonitrogen(.), Sulfinpyrazone, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate, sulfogalactosylglycerolipid, sulfones, sulfonic acid, sulfonyl-phenyl-ethyl, Sulforafan, Sulindac, sulindac sulfone, sultopride, sunitinib, Synthos, T 0070907, T 0901317, Tacrine, Tacrolimus, tadalafil, Tamogel, Tamoxifen, tandospirone, Tangeretin, tanshinone, taurocholic acid, Taurodeoxycholic Acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, tautomycetin, TAXOTERE, TBDZ, TBHQ, TCAT, technetium, Tegafur, Teleocidin, telithromycin, Temazepam, temozolomide, temsirolimus, terbinafine, terephthalic acid, Terfenadine, teriflunomide, terrein, territrem A, territrem B, territrem C, tertiapin, tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon, tetrachloroethene, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate, Tetrahydrocannabinol, tetramethylrhodamine, tetramethylsilane, tetraphene, Tetraprenol, tetrasulfanide, Thalidomide, Thapsigargin, thiamine disulfide, thiazole, Thiazolidinediones, thioacetamide, Thioacetazone, thiobenzamide, thiocoraline, Thiole, Thiopental, thioredoxin dithiol, thioridazine, Thiostrepton, thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP, thrombin Tokushima, Thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2, Thyminose, thymol, thymoquinone, Thyrotropin, Ticlopidine, Tilidine, tipranavir, tirilazad, titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), TMC-95A, Tmndga, TMSI, Tobrex, tocotrienols, tofisopam, tolrestat, Tolterodine, toluene, TOLUENE-DITHIOL, topiramate, Topotecan, Toremifene, Tosylarginine Methyl Ester, Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone, Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone, TPN+, Tracer, Tramadol, trans-resveratrol, trastuzumab, Trazodone, Tremode, Tremorine, Tretinoin, Triad, Triamcinolone, triazolam, triazoles, tributylstannane, trichostatins, Triclosan, triethylamine, Trifluoperazine, trimethylaminocarboxyldihydroboran, trioctyl phosphine oxide, Triolein, tripterine, triptolide, triterpenoids, troglitazone, Troleandomycin, TTNPB, tubocapsanolide A, Tunicamycin, tyrphostin AG 1478, tyrphostin AG-490, tyrphostin AG17, U 0126, Ubizol, Ufur, UK 157147, Uprima, uranyl acetate, urethane, Urex, urinastatin, Urso, USAN, valerenic acid, valspodar, venlafaxine, Verapamil, verlukast, vesnarinone, Viagra, Vigil, vincristine, vinflunine, vinorelbine, vinpocetine, violacein, Vira-A, voriconazole, vorozole, VX680, Warfarin, WAY-169916, Win 55212-2, withaferin A, WLN: QR BG, WLN: RVR, WLN: ZSWR, xanthohumol, Xaxa, Xylit, Y 27632, yristate, Z 338, zafirlukast, Zalcitabine, zardaverine, ZD 9331, Zearalenone, Zeldox, zerumbone, Zidovudine, zileuton, Zocor, zopiclone, Zymosan, Trospium chloride, Valproic Acid. These compounds interact with newly identified key regulators of pain sensation and nociception. Mechanistically the inventive treatments involve the modulation of the genes and gene function or interaction with the gene products, in particular proteins, of the genes listed in table 1 or the human orthologues of the Drosophila genes described in Neely et al., 2010, or preferably the human genes listed in table 1.

According to the investigation described herein it was found that these compounds modify at least one gene or gene product thereof selected from the CACNA2D3 (gene for calcium channel subunit alpha-2-delta-3), PIK3CG, or any one of the human genes of table 1, column 2, or any of the human orthologues of the Drosophila genes described in Neely et al., 2010, or any drosophila gene of table 1 column 3, in particular preferred any one of CG10033, CG10095, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186, CG10228, CG10265, CG1031, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10537, CG10550, CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667, CG10686, CG10689, CG10689, CG10691, CG10706, CG10711, CG10728, CG10746, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10882, CG10932, CG10936, CG10954, CG10988, CG1100, CG1100, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081, CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG1130, CG11352, CG11456, CG11508, CG1152, CG11555, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11594, CG11637, CG11637, CG11638, CG11642, CG11715, CG1180, CG1180, CG11820, CG11857, CG11865, CG11878, CG11893, CG11895, CG1193, CG11930, CG11942, CG11967, CG11992, CG12004, CG12030, CG12035, CG12052, CG12079, CG12082, CG12093, CG12131, CG12135, CG12199, CG12209, CG12235, CG12269, CG12290, CG12334, CG12373, CG12559, CG12637, CG1264, CG12641, CG12641, CG12645, CG12663, CG12749, CG12796, CG12797, CG12831, CG12878, CG12932, CG12938, CG12954, CG12975, CG13035, CG13047, CG13061, CG13069, CG13074, CG13096, CG13110, CG13130, CG13130, CG13162, CG13194, CG13196, CG13196, CG13243, CG13308, CG13319, CG13403, CG13559, CG13575, CG13623, CG1371, CG1387, CG13998, CG14028, CG1406, CG14065, CG14086, CG14214, CG14217, CG14240, CG14252, CG14274, CG14351, CG14362, CG14374, CG14374, CG14376, CG14506, CG14514, CG14590, CG14659, CG14710, CG14750, CG14755, CG14804, CG14818, CG14940, CG14952, CG14980, CG15059, CG15120, CG15153, CG15167, CG15254, CG15307, CG15321, CG15324, CG15427, CG15570, CG15604, CG15604, CG15884, CG16778, CG1683, CG16840, CG16852, CG16854, CG16873, CG16899, CG16932, CG16975, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709, CG17137, CG17146, CG17150, CG17189, CG17234, CG1725, CG17255, CG17266, CG17293, CG17295, CG17521, CG1759, CG17612, CG17673, CG17697, CG17943, CG1800, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130, CG18249, CG18332, CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18372, CG1845, CG18480, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666, CG1915, CG1921, CG1921, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2060, CG2079, CG2100, CG2109, CG2128, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG2901, CG3000, CG30004, CG30004, CG30005, CG30039, CG30050, CG30073, CG30291, CG30342, CG30383, CG30384, CG30404, CG3083, CG3105, CG31065, CG31068, CG31110, CG31267, CG31299, CG31300, CG31623, CG31713, CG31716, CG31718, CG3181, CG3184, CG31841, CG31842, CG31876, CG31886, CG31908, CG31936, CG31955, CG31962, CG32016, CG32025, CG32045, CG32057, CG32121, CG3213, CG32148, CG32150, CG32176, CG32193, CG32219, CG32227, CG3224, CG32278, CG32296, CG32296, CG32313, CG32333, CG32346, CG3241, CG32531, CG32533, CG32540, CG32604, CG32614, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG3269, CG32698, CG3270, CG32703, CG32736, CG32779, CG32779, CG32779, CG32792, CG3291, CG3295, CG3298, CG33002, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33128, CG33135, CG33147, CG33149, CG33166, CG33202, CG33261, CG33275, CG33275, CG3330, CG33346, CG33350, CG3344, CG33484, CG33500, CG33500, CG3351, CG33512, CG33512, CG33530, CG33547, CG33547, CG33653, CG33980, CG34059, CG34140, CG34140, CG34159, CG3421, CG34339, CG34341, CG34364, CG34383, CG34400, CG34401, CG34401, CG34416, CG3474, CG3520, CG3569, CG3581, CG3604, CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3735, CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3981, CG4013, CG4040, CG4083, CG4094, CG4109, CG4217, CG42250, CG4247, CG4247, CG4260, CG4279, CG4279, CG4351, CG4365, CG4396, CG4459, CG4477, CG4502, CG4550, CG4560, CG4584, CG4587, CG4612, CG4633, CG4633, CG4648, CG4655, CG4673, CG4692, CG4698, CG4742, CG4775, CG4795, CG4798, CG4799, CG4806, CG4807, CG4830, CG4875, CG4875, CG4887, CG4946, CG4975, CG4977, CG5003, CG5012, CG5012, CG5013, CG5014, CG5014, CG5121, CG5134, CG5160, CG5179, CG5183, CG5198, CG5201, CG5219, CG5219, CG5261, CG5287, CG5330, CG5405, CG5411, CG5473, CG5499, CG5516, CG5519, CG5565, CG5580, CG5611, CG5643, CG5644, CG5703, CG5723, CG5725, CG5725, CG5727, CG5757, CG5788, CG5800, CG5818, CG5819, CG5821, CG5842, CG5884, CG5889, CG5890, CG5902, CG5934, CG5940, CG5949, CG5969, CG5977, CG5986, CG6006, CG6098, CG6136, CG6143, CG6177, CG6210, CG6249, CG6340, CG6395, CG6457, CG6496, CG6536, CG6549, CG6553, CG6571, CG6575, CG6582, CG6583, CG6605, CG6620, CG6637, CG6673, CG6703, CG6721, CG6724, CG6822, CG6824, CG6930, CG6930, CG6946, CG6948, CG6963, CG6971, CG6971, CG6972, CG6987, CG6998, CG7006, CG7007, CG7007, CG7010, CG7015, CG7025, CG7059, CG7081, CG7099, CG7100, CG7109, CG7129, CG7145, CG7160, CG7175, CG7175, CG7187, CG7194, CG7211, CG7223, CG7225, CG7292, CG7311, CG7342, CG7358, CG7371, CG7376, CG7422, CG7430, CG7443, CG7467, CG7494, CG7494, CG7497, CG7507, CG7556, CG7583, CG7636, CG7664, CG7708, CG7708, CG7712, CG7728, CG7730, CG7800, CG7800, CG7811, CG7816, CG7856, CG7873, CG7946, CG7957, CG8005, CG8008, CG8009, CG8014, CG8014, CG8029, CG8039, CG8048, CG8107, CG8110, CG8114, CG8203, CG8233, CG8288, CG8325, CG8326, CG8394, CG8432, CG8436, CG8440, CG8487, CG8520, CG8625, CG8631, CG8651, CG8732, CG8764, CG8849, CG8912, CG8914, CG8985, CG8985, CG9022, CG9022, CG9032, CG9067, CG9102, CG9160, CG9172, CG9231, CG9280, CG9311, CG9323, CG9350, CG9388, CG9447, CG9453, CG9460, CG9519, CG9537, CG9548, CG9603, CG9636, CG9636, CG9650, CG9696, CG9739, CG9742, CG9753, CG9753, CG9825, CG9825, CG9901, CG9901, CG9948, as well as their orthologues, in particular human orthologues. Further-more preferred genes (or gene targets) for the inventive treatment are selected from CG10882, CG10033, CG10095, CG10096, CG10096, CG10098, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186, CG10200, CG10228, CG1031, CG10315, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10540, CG10550, CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667, CG10689, CG10691, CG10711, CG10728, CG10746, CG10754, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10872, CG10932, CG10936, CG10954, CG10988, CG10992, CG1100, CG1100, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081, CG11081, CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG11339, CG11419, CG11456, CG11508, CG11512, CG1152, CG11555, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11637, CG11637, CG11638, CG11715, CG1180, CG1180, CG11820, CG11857, CG11865, CG11878, CG11893, CG11895, CG1193, CG11942, CG11953, CG11967, CG11992, CG12004, CG12030, CG12035, CG12079, CG12082, CG12082, CG12083, CG12131, CG12135, CG12209, CG12235, CG12334, CG12373, CG12532, CG12637, CG12645, CG12663, CG12785, CG12796, CG12797, CG12831, CG12915, CG12927, CG12932, CG12938, CG12954, CG12975, CG13035, CG13047, CG13069, CG13074, CG13096, CG13110, CG13162, CG13196, CG13243, CG13308, CG13319, CG13388, CG13403, CG13534, CG13548, CG13623, CG1371, CG1375, CG13777, CG13788, CG13802, CG13802, CG1387, CG13922, CG13998, CG14028, CG1406, CG14075, CG14086, CG14198, CG14214, CG14217, CG14240, CG14252, CG14255, CG14274, CG14351, CG14353, CG14365, CG14374, CG14374, CG14376, CG14429, CG14442, CG14506, CG14514, CG14707, CG14707, CG14750, CG14804, CG14818, CG14940, CG14980, CG15071, CG15120, CG15167, CG15238, CG15241, CG15254, CG15321, CG15324, CG15427, CG15433, CG15570, CG15604, CG15604, CG15884, CG16725, CG16775, CG16778, CG16852, CG16854, CG16873, CG16899, CG16932, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709, CG17137, CG17146, CG17150, CG17189, CG17203, CG17234, CG1725, CG17266, CG17293, CG17295, CG17386, CG17521, CG17650, CG17673, CG17697, CG17943, CG1800, CG18026, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130, CG18213, CG18249, CG18332, CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18372, CG1847, CG18480, CG18557, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666, CG18671, CG18671, CG18771, CG18816, CG18816, CG18833, CG1915, CG1922, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2052, CG2060, CG2100, CG2109, CG2128, CG2151, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286, CG2309, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2685, CG2698, CG2713, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG3000, CG30005, CG30025, CG30025, CG30025, CG30025, CG30039, CG30050, CG30073, CG30113, CG30186, CG30291, CG30352, CG30383, CG30384, CG30404, CG30427, CG30474, CG3083, CG3105, CG31065, CG31067, CG31067, CG31068, CG31103, CG31110, CG31170, CG31183, CG31267, CG31299, CG31300, CG31309, CG31364, CG31406, CG31623, CG31654, CG31713, CG31718, CG3181, CG3184, CG31841, CG31842, CG31876, CG31893, CG31908, CG31936, CG31955, CG31962, CG32006, CG32016, CG32025, CG32057, CG3213, CG32131, CG32148, CG32150, CG32176, CG32219, CG32227, CG3224, CG32278, CG32283, CG32313, CG32333, CG32381, CG3240, CG3240, CG3241, CG32467, CG32478, CG32531, CG32614, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG3269, CG32779, CG32792, CG3291, CG3298, CG33002, CG3330, CG33346, CG3344, CG33530, CG3421, CG3520, CG3581, CG3604, CG3612, CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3717, CG3733, CG3735, CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3955, CG3981, CG3996, CG4073, CG4083, CG4109, CG4110, CG4217, CG4247, CG4247, CG4279, CG4279, CG4351, CG4365, CG4396, CG4453, CG4459, CG4477, CG4550, CG4560, CG4581, CG4584, CG4587, CG4609, CG4612, CG4633, CG4633, CG4648, CG4655, CG4673, CG4698, CG4742, CG4772, CG4775, CG4795, CG4798, CG4799, CG4806, CG4830, CG4863, CG4875, CG4887, CG4946, CG4975, CG4977, CG4994, CG5003, CG5012, CG5012, CG5013, CG5014, CG5014, CG5121, CG5160, CG5179, CG5183, CG5198, CG5201, CG5219, CG5219, CG5254, CG5261, CG5287, CG5330, CG5380, CG5411, CG5473, CG5499, CG5507, CG5516, CG5519, CG5541, CG5565, CG5580, CG5611, CG5625, CG5643, CG5644, CG5703, CG5711, CG5714, CG5723, CG5725, CG5725, CG5727, CG5751, CG5757, CG5788, CG5818, CG5819, CG5820, CG5821, CG5842, CG5884, CG5889, CG5890, CG5902, CG5934, CG5940, CG5949, CG5969, CG5977, CG5986, CG5989, CG6006, CG6006, CG6027, CG6066, CG6098, CG6136, CG6143, CG6177, CG6210, CG6249, CG6294, CG6340, CG6375, CG6457, CG6496, CG6553, CG6571, CG6582, CG6583, CG6605, CG6620, CG6637, CG6673, CG6703, CG6721, CG6724, CG6822, CG6852, CG6881, CG6901, CG6930, CG6930, CG6946, CG6948, CG6963, CG6971, CG6971, CG6972, CG6987, CG6998, CG7006, CG7007, CG7007, CG7010, CG7015, CG7042, CG7042, CG7059, CG7100, CG7109, CG7129, CG7145, CG7160, CG7172, CG7175, CG7175, CG7187, CG7194, CG7211, CG7223, CG7225, CG7307, CG7311, CG7342, CG7358, CG7371, CG7376, CG7422, CG7430, CG7436, CG7443, CG7462, CG7467, CG7494, CG7494, CG7513, CG7520, CG7556, CG7580, CG7583, CG7636, CG7664, CG7693, CG7708, CG7708, CG7712, CG7726, CG7728, CG7730, CG7778, CG7800, CG7800, CG7811, CG7816, CG7856, CG7873, CG7946, CG7957, CG8005, CG8008, CG8009, CG8014, CG8014, CG8029, CG8039, CG8039, CG8048, CG8107, CG8110, CG8114, CG8137, CG8203, CG8233, CG8288, CG8325, CG8326, CG8394, CG8432, CG8436, CG8440, CG8487, CG8520, CG8625, CG8631, CG8651, CG8663, CG8732, CG8764, CG8771, CG8849, CG8912, CG8914, CG9022, CG9022, CG9032, CG9067, CG9102, CG9160, CG9172, CG9231, CG9280, CG9288, CG9305, CG9311, CG9323, CG9343, CG9350, CG9388, CG9447, CG9453, CG9460, CG9519, CG9548, CG9588, CG9603, CG9633, CG9636, CG9636, CG9650, CG9678, CG9696, CG9696, CG9720, CG9742, CG9753, CG9753, CG9825, CG9825, CG9901, CG9901, CG9948, CG9948, CG9983, as well as their orthologues, in particular human orthologues (such as described in Neely et al., 2010, incorporated herein by reference). These genes are referred herein as “pain genes”. Preferred genes are selected from CG10095, CG10096, CG10098, CG10158, CG10481, CG11033, CG11456, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11820, CG11967, CG12004, CG12334, CG12785, CG12797, CG13096, CG13162, CG13623, CG1371, CG14351, CG14442, CG14514, CG14980, CG16725, CG16854, CG1804, CG18088, CG18130, CG18213, CG18249, CG18480, CG1968, CG2052, CG2747, CG30005, CG31103, CG31267, CG31955, CG3213, CG32150, CG3224, CG32792, CG33346, CG3996, CG4110, CG4351, CG4477, CG4946, CG5516, CG5565, CG5819, CG5969, CG5986, CG6136, CG6294, CG6340, CG6553, CG6583, CG6637, CG6724, CG6852, CG6901, CG7006, CG7042, CG7175, CG7358, CG7376, CG7556, CG7728, CG7800, CG8233, CG8325, CG8436, CG8771, CG9067, CG9288, CG9636, CG9650. These genes, as well as their orthologue counterparts, in particular human orthologs (Neely et al., 2010), or their respective gene products are preferred targets for therapy according to the present invention. According to the present invention function of at least one of these genes is modified by the inventive compounds, in particular the small molecules given in table 1. In preferred embodiments the compound modulates at least two, three, four, five or six or more of these genes (or orthologues). Further compounds suitable to modulate gene function include the administration of therapeutic proteins or nucleic acids, such as transgenes or inhibitory nucleic acids (RNAi molecules, siRNA, antisense RNA or DNA). Such interfering nucleic acids bind messages of the genes leading to degradation and reduced gene expression. Preferred therapeutic proteins include the gene products of these genes (as agonists) or antibodies which specifically bind these proteins (as antagonists, but also as agonists if protein activity is increased—such as by binding and blocking an inhibitor binding site). The inventive compounds can act as either agonist by increasing the gene function (via mRNA regulation or interaction with the protein) of a protein in the enzymatic pathway of any one of the above listed genes or an antagonist in said pathways. The antagonizing or activating (agonist) activity of the compounds acts preferably on the identified pain genes (including their gene product) themselves or on a binding partner thereof. With the inventive methods it is possible to suppress pain or, alternatively to increase pain, e.g. to treat hyposensitivities. Depending on the goal an antagonist or agonist of the gene targets may be used. In preferred embodiments antagonists of the pain genes are used.

The subject to be treated according to the present invention can be any non-human animal or a human. Preferably the subject is a mammal, in particular preferred embodiments a human.

According to the present invention pain and conditions associated with pain, e.g. itching or depression, can be treated or prevented, in particular in the meaning of a prophylactic administration. “Preventing” or “prevention” herein does not require absolute success in the sense of an absolute prevention of pain but indicates a reduced risk of developing a disease or painful condition, or developing pain with reduced severity. Likewise, “treatment” shall not be construed as an absolute cure, but may also relate to amelioration or suppression of pain or pain associated conditions.

Pain and pain associated conditions and diseases to be treated according to the present invention can include acute pain, chronic pain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psychogenic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain and nociception in general, or hyperalgesia. In particular embodiments the pain is selected from neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myofascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound associated pain, inflammatory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer or somatic visceral pain, all in both acute and chronic forms. The pain can also be related to phantom pain, pain from a part of the body that has been lost or from which the brain no longer receives physical signals.

Pain can be generally classified to two broad categories, acute and chronic. The treatment of any acute or chronic pain is subject matter of the present invention. Acute pain is usually associated with a specific cause such as a specific injury and is often sharp and severe. Acute pain begins suddenly and is not persistent. Chronic pain is long-term pain, with a typical duration of more than three months leading to significant psychological and emotional problems. Chronic pain is generally associated with clinical conditions characterised by chronic and/or degenerative lesions. Common examples of chronic pain are neuropathic pain (e.g. painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, back pain, headache, carpal tunnel syndrome, cancer pain, and chronic post-surgical pain. Pain can also be divided into a number of different subtypes according to differing pathophysiology, including nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Also some types of pain can be classified in multiple categories, for example pain associated with cancer can have a nociceptive and neuropathic component. Nociceptive pain consists of somatic pain (musculo-skeletal pain) and visceral pain (pain associated with the viscera, which encompass the organs of the abdominal cavity). Common causes of somatic pain include cancer metastasis such as to the bone and postsurgical pain from a surgical incision in addition to musculo-skeletal disorders such as dystrophinopathy, myalgia and polymyositis. Nociceptive pain also includes tissue injury-induced pain and inflammatory pain such as that associated with arthritis. Another type of inflammatory pain is visceral pain which includes pain associated with gastrointestinal disorders (GI) such as functional bowel disorder (FBD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Further examples of visceral pain include the pain associated with dysmenorrhea, cystitis and pancreatis and pelvic pain. Additional pain types include dysfunctional pain such as fibromyalgia, Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ), Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and musculo-skeletal pain). Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the peripheral or central nervous system. Examples of central neuropathic pain include pain from spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, strokes and fibromyalgia. Diabetes and related metabolic disorders are a common cause of peripheral neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy). Some of the human conditions and pathologies characterised by the presence of neuropathic pain include, but are not limited to, cancer (cancer neuropathy), HIV neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, immunodeficiency, post-herpetic syndromes, trauma, ischaemia, sciatica, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, back pain, phantom limb pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, central poststroke pain and pain associated with chronic alcoholism, hypothyroidism, uraemia, spinal cord injury, and vitamin deficiency. Preferably the pain is neuropathic pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, such as painful diabetic neuropathy, such as painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, such as diabetic polyneuropathy, such as sciatic pain, such as radiculopathy, such as radicular pain or such as non-inflammatory neuropathic pain. Pain may be selected from fibromyalgia, postoperative pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, sciatic pain, radiculopathy, radicular pain, lumbar pain. Preferably the pain is caused by the conditions as mentioned above related to the given pain type. In particular the pain type can be the only pain type in a subject. E.g. preferably a neuropathic pain is caused by affected nerves but not caused by inflammation, i.e. neuropathic pain is the only pain in the subject and is non-inflammatory.

“About” is used to refer to certain dosages that can vary from a given value, nevertheless with the same effects as the indicated dose. In some embodiments “about” may refer to +/−20% or 10% of a given value.

Preferably the compound is administered in a dosage sufficient to treat or prevent pain or associated conditions and diseases. Administration can e.g. be a singe dose administration or a successive or repeated administration, e.g. twice a day, daily or in an interval of at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 1 week, preferably at least 2 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 8 weeks or even more preferred at least 12 weeks. Preventive administrations are usually a short time before expected pain, if controllable or foreseeable—such as in scheduled surgery—e.g. up to 1 hour (h), 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h or up to 24 h or even up to 48 h beforehand, as well as any interval in between.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compound is provided in a pharmaceutical composition or a medicament, in particular an analgesics. The composition or medicament may comprise a pharmaceutical carrier. Pharmaceutical carrier substances serve for a better tolerance of the medicament and allow for a better solubility as well as a better bioavailability of the active substances contained in the medicament. Examples of this are emulsifiers, thickening agents, redox components, starch, alcohol solutions, polyethylene glycol or lipids. The choice of a suitable pharmaceutical carrier is highly dependent on the manner of administration. For oral administrations, liquid or solid carriers may be used, for injections, liquid final compositions are required. For cellular targeting, such as for inhibitory nucleic acids, suitable vehicles can be included such as liposomes or microsomes.

Preferably, the medicament or the compound to be used according to the invention comprises buffer substances or tonic substances. By means of a buffer, the pH of the medicament can be adjusted to physiological conditions, and moreover, pH fluctuations can be attenuated, or buffered, respectively. An example thereof is a phosphate buffer. Tonic substances serve for adjusting the osmolarity and may comprise ionic substances, such as, e.g., inorganic salts, such as NaCl, or also non-ionic substances, such as, e.g. glycerol or carbohydrates.

The inventive compound or medicament can be administered topical, enteral or parenteral, in particular preferred oral or rectal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal or intraperitoneal, transdermal, transmucosal or inhalational. Preferred routes of administration of the inventive agent according to the present invention are parenteral routes, preferably intraperitoneal or intravenous administration, intravenous administration being specifically preferred. Intravenous administration can be performed e.g. via bolus injection or by continuous intravenous delivery over a longer time period (e.g. 30 min to 6 h, especially 1 to 3 h). Further routes include oral or transdermal or subcutaneous routes. In particular preferred is oral administration. For digestible agents, such as active proteins, peptides or siRNA, parenteral routes are preferred.

The medicament or the compound to be used according to the invention can be prepared to be suitable for oral or intranasal administration. These administration forms of the medicament of the present invention allow for a rapid an uncomplicated uptake of the active substances via the mucous membranes. For a nasal intake, nose drops or nose sprays are suitable. For an oral administration, solid or liquid medicaments may, e.g., be taken directly or in a dissolved or diluted state, respectively.

The medicament or compound to be used according to the invention can be prepared for an intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, intravascular, systemic, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration. For this purpose, e.g., injections or transfusions are suitable. Administrations directly into the bloodstream have the advantage that the active substances of the medicament will be distributed in the entire body and will quickly reach the target tissue or cells, in particular the peripheral nerves, spinal cord cells or brain cells.

The compound may be administered in a effective therapeutic dose. Effective doses are in the range of dosages known for the compounds for other, non-pain related administrations. In particular, for a specific use a dosage can be determined by a simple test using drosophila or mouse test systems. Further possible therapeutic doses of the compounds for the inventive treatment can be the same dosage disclosed or approved for other therapeutic uses for each of these compounds. Example dosages are at least 0.01 mg/kg, at least 0.1 mg/kg, at least 1 mg/kg, at least 10 mg/kg and/or up to 1 mg/kg, up to 10 mg/kg, up to 100 mg/kg, up to 1 g/kg, and any dosages in between. Preferred dosage ranges are between 0.01 mg/kg and 1 g/kg, preferably between 0.1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.

The examples show that the inventive pain tests revealed pharmaceutical compounds that are well known to be therapeutically applicable for the treatment of human conditions and diseases. The compounds may now also be used for the treatment of pain and pain associated secondary diseases. Of course the full list of compounds according to table 1 provides new therapeutic concepts.

The present invention also relates to a method of modulating the gene expression or gene function in a cell, wherein the gene is selected from one or more of the genes listed in table 1, in particular selected from the genes above, or an ortholog counterpart thereof, comprising administering a compound of table 1 to said cell. The cell can be a nerve cell, including pain or thermosensitive nerve cells, and/or preferably selected from spinal cord cells, brain cells or peripheral nerve cells. The cell can be of the “pain matrix” such as the thalamus, the S1 and S2 somatosensory cortex, the cingulum, amygdala, hypothalamus, or the motor cortex. The inventive administration be be for treatment, alleviation or prevention of pain or hyperalgesia in a subject.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to method of screening active compounds suitable for the treatment of pain comprising testing for modulation, including suppression or activation, preferably suppression, of gene activity of any one of the genes listed above or given in table 1. The test may comprise recombinantly expressing the gene product in a suitable host cell or cell lines, such as mammal cell lines, in particular CHO cells, contacting said cell or cell line with a candidate compound and detecting a deviation in gene function when compared to normal levels without contacting with the compound. Further tests compromising binding of the compound to the gene product (the expressed protein) and detecting binding events. Other tests include the use of animal models and testing the compounds for behavioural changes when exposed to pain, such tests are disclosed in the examples. Additional, information on optimal dosages can be obtained with these tests.

TABLE 1 List of therapeutic compounds: Small Molecule: name of compound (see list of synonyms below), Interacting Gene Symbol: human gene name of therapeutic target, Interacting GeneID: uman gene ID, Drosophila ID: ortholog Drosophila gene ID; Interacting Gene Interacting Small Molecule Symbol GeneID Drosophila Id (1S,2S)-2-(2-(N-((3- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, benzimidazol-2-yl)propyl)-N- methylamino)ethyl)-6-fluoro- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl- 2-naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, phenyl)furan-2- ylcarbonyl)guanidine (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic TYMS, 7298, CG3181, acid (T,G)-A-L FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 1-(1-cyclohexylethylamino)-4- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, phenylphthalazine 1-(2-methyl-4- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, methoxyphenyl)-4-((2- hydroxyethyl)amino)-6- trifluoromethoxy-2,3- dihydropyrrolo(3,2-c)quinoline 1-(2,3-dichlorobenzoyl)-5- CNR2, 1269, CG12796, methoxy-2-methyl-(2- (mopholin-4-yl)ethyl)-1H- indole 1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4- HDAC3, 8841, CG2128, benzodioxin-5-yl)-4-((5-(4- fluorophenyl)-3- pyridinyl)methyl)piperazine 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra- NFKB1, S1PR1, ADORA1, 4790, 1901, 134, CG11992, CG12796, CG9753, 1,3,5(10)-trien-17- yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole- 2,5-dione 1-adamantyl propargyl ether NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 1-aminobenzotriazole CYP4F3, CYP4A11, CYP3A5, 4051, 1579, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, 1-aminooxy-3-aminopropane SLC25A21, 89874, CG5254, 1-hydrazino-4-(3,5-dimethyl)- PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, 1-pyrazolyl-5H-pyridazino(4,5- b)indole 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 1-hydroxypyrene GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 1-Nitropyren-8-ol CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo- KHDRBS1, NCF4, 10657, 4689, CG3613, CG5821, CG7129, inositol 3-phosphates 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero- NCF4, 4689, CG7129, 3-phosphocholine 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(4-t- PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, butylphenyl)methane 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy- CNR2, 1269, CG12796, Delta(9)-THC 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(4- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4- methoxyphenyl)ethane 1,2- ME1, 4199, CG5889, bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane 1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4- UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3- DLD, 1738, CG7430, phosphocholines 1,2-ethanedithiol ME3, 10873, CG5889, 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 7296, 10587, CG2151, CG2151, 1,2,4-triazines FGFR1, 2260, CG7223, 1,25-dihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy- SMAD6, 4091, CG5201, 3-methylbutyl)-23-yne-26,27- hexafluorocholecalciferol 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol TRPV6, 55503, CG5842, 1,25D3 SLC2A1, THOC4, NFKB1, 6513, 10189, 4790, CG1086, CG1101, CG11992, LARP6, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, 55323, 1551, 1576, CG17386, CG2060, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, 7366, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, UGT2B15, UGT2B17, 7367, 56302, 55503, CG4772, CG4772, TRPV5, TRPV6, GPR177, 79971, 5515, 983, CG5842, CG5842, CG6210, PPP2CA, CDC2, CDK2, 1017, 5715, CG7109, CG8203, CG8203, PSMD9, CG9588, 1,3-Dcg PRDX6, 9588, CG3083, 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5- CCRN4L, 25819, CG31299, tetramethyl-2-(4- carboxy- phenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dipropyl-8-(3- ADORA1, 134, CG9753, noradamantyl)xanthine 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene CELSR1, ME2, 9620, 4200, CG11895, CG5889, 1,7-dioxa-2,6-diaza-4,4- LPAR3, LPAR2, 23566, 9170, CG12796, CG12796, dioxide-4,7a-dithia-3H,5H- benzo(cd)pentalene 10-deoxymethynolide NDUFAB1, 4706, CG9160, 10-propargyl-10- RFC1, 5981, CG1119, deazaaminopterin 10-undecynoic acid CYP4A11, 1579, CG2060, 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)- KCNQ5, 56479, CG12915, 9(10H)-anthracenone 11-cis-retinal SAG, 6295, CG5711, 11-hydroxycannabinol CNR2, CNR1, 1269, 1268, CG12796, CG12796, 12-Hht LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, 13-Lox CD36, 948, CG7422, 13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772, acid 15 hete TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 7296, 10587, CG2151, CG2151, 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha- PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, (epoxymethano)prosta-5,13- dienoic Acid 17-(allylamino)-17- NFKB1, CYP3A5, ECD, 4790, 1577, 11319, CG11992, CG2060, CG5714, demethoxygeldanamycin 17alpha-ethynylestradiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 1843U89 TYMS, 7298, CG3181, 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5- INPP5A, 3632, CG31110, tetrakisphosphate 1H-indole GABA- 11337, 1269, 6426, CG12334, CG12796, CG6987, RAP, CNR2, SFRS1, 1H-pyrazole HNRNPA1, 3178, CG9983, 1H-pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridine CDC2, CDK2, 983, 1017, CG8203, CG8203, 2 APB TRPV1, TRPV6, TRPV2, 7442, 55503, 51393, CG5842, CG5842, CG5842, TRPV3, 162514, CG5842, 2-(1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 5-methoxyindol-3-yl)-3-(1H- indol-3-yl)maleimide 2-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-6- ADORA1, 134, CG9753, (2-phenylpyrazolo(1,5- a)pyridin-3-yl)-3(2H)- pyridazinone 2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-3- CDC2, 983, CG8203, methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5- CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, fluorobenzothiazole 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6- AURKA, 6790, CG6620, cyclohexylaminopurine 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H- NFKB1, S1PR1, CCNA2, 4790, 1901, 890, 25875, CG11992, CG12796, CG5940, 1-benzopyran-4-one LETMD1, CD36, FYN, PSMD9, 948, 2534, 5715, CG5989, CG7422, CG7873, CG9588, 2-(4-toluidino)-6- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, naphthalenesulfonic acid 2- ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, (cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazino)adenosine 2-AAF CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, 2-acetylthiomethyl-3-(4- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, methylbenzoyl)propionic acid 2-AG CNR2, CNR1, 1269, 1268, CG12796, CG12796, 2-amino-1-methyl-6- UGT1A1, UGT1A7, 54658, 54577, CG4772, CG4772, phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-3,4- CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, dimethylimidazo(4,5- f)quinoline 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV6, 7442, 162514, 55503, CG5842, CG5842, CG5842, TRPV2, 51393, CG5842, 2-AP NFKB1, SERPINC1, 4790, 462, CG11992, CG8137, 2-CADO NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2- hepten-6-ynamide 2-cyanomethylthiopyridine-4- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, carbonitrile 2-cyclopentyl-5-(5- CELSR1, NFKB1, GPR12, 9620, 4790, 2835, 1269, CG11895, CG11992, CG12796, isoquinolylsulfonyl)-6-nitro-1H- CNR2, TRPV1, ME2, ME3, 7442, 4200, 10873, CG12796, CG5842, benzo(D)imidazole PSMD9, 5715, CG5889, CG5889, CG9588, 2-DG SLC2A1, CCNB1, GLRX2, 6513, 891, 51022, 8729, CG1086, CG5940, CG6852, GBF1, CG8487, 2-hydroxy-4-(2,2,3,3,3- PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, pentafluoropropoxy)benzoic acid 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6- UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772, phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-hydroxyamino-3- PLXNB1, 5364, CG11081, methylimidazolo(4,5- f)quinoline 2-ME NFKB1, SMN1, LARP6, TYMS, 4790, 6606, 55323, CG11992, CG16725, CG17386, CCNB1, PSMD9, 7298, 891, 5715, CG3181, CG5940, CG9588, 2-methoxyacetic acid [2-[2-[3- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, (1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl- methyl-amino]ethyl]-6-fluoro- 1-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl] ester 2-methyl-1-((4-methyl-5- SMN1, 6606, CG16725, isoquinolinyl)sulfonyl)homopiperazine 2-N-(4-(1- SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3- bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2- propylamine 2-Naftol GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, acid 2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline CDC2, 983, CG8203, 2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, 2,2′- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, (hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis- ethanamine 2,2′-azobis(2,4- CDK9, 1025, CG5179, dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2′-bipyridine ME1, 4199, CG5889, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 2,3-bis(3′- CCNA2, 890, CG5940, hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol 2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide CELSR1, ME3, ME2, 9620, 10873, 4200, CG11895, CG5889, CG5889, 2,3,4-tri-O- TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,4-diaminoquinazoline SMN2, 6607, CG16725, 2,4-thiazolidinedione SLC2A4, 6517, CG1086, 21-hydroxy-9beta,10alpha- UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772, pregna-5,7-diene-3-ol-20-one 25-desacetylrifabutin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 25-Hydroxycholesterol CYP4F2, 8529, CG2060, 25(OH)D3 TRPV6, 55503, CG5842, 3-((4-(4- HDAC3, 8841, CG2128, chlorophenyl)piperazin-1- yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3- b)pyridine 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1- CNR1, CNR2, 1268, 1269, CG12796, CG12796, dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3- hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2h)-pyridazinone ADORA1, 134, CG9753, 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-N-(3,5- PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, dichloro-4-pyridyl)-4- methoxybenzamide 3-aminopyrazole CCNA2, CDK2, 890, 1017, CG5940, CG8203, 3-beta-(2- IGF2R, 3482, CG14255, (diethylamino)ethoxy)androst- 5-en-17-one 3-BHA UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, 3-hydroxybutanal TFAP4, 7023, CG7664, 3-hydroxyflunitrazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 3-Hydroxyquinine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-Xanthine CADPS, 8618, CG18026, 3-keto-desogestrel CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 3-methoxy-4- CYP4B1, 1580, CG2060, aminoazobenzene 3-Methoxymorphinan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 3-Methoxyoestradiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 3-methylcholanthrene PLXNB1, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, 5364, 1551, 1576, 1577, CG11081, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 4051, 54658, 6317, CG2060, CG2060, UGT1A1, SERPINB3, PSMD9, 5715, CG4772, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG9588, 3-MI CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 3,3′,4,5′-tetrahydroxystilbene NFKB1, FGFR4, 4790, 2264, CG11992, CG7223, 3,4-DCl NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 3,4,5- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, trihydroxybenzamidoxime 4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)- CNR1, CNR2, 1268, 1269, CG12796, CG12796, yl)olivetol 4-(3-Butoxy-4- PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, methoxybenzyl)-2- imidazolidinone 4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4- fluorophenyl)-1-butanol 4-(4-(N-benzoylamino)anilino)- AURKA, 6790, CG6620, 6-methoxy-7-(3-(1- morpholino)propoxy)quinazoline 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4- POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4- pyridyl)imidazole 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4- SMN1, SMAD7, 6606, 4092, CG16725, CG5201, pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2- yl)benzamide 4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan- HDAC3, 8841, CG2128, 2-yl)piperazine 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1- CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-AP PLXNB2, FGFR3, 23654, 2261, CG11081, CG7223, 4-azidosalicylic acid UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, 4-dimethylamino-3′,4′- LARP6, 55323, CG17386, dimethoxychalcone 4-hydroxy-N- UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, desmethyltamoxifen 4-hydroxyacetophenone ECD, 11319, CG5714, 4-hydroxycoumarin UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta PLXNB2, 23654, CG11081, 4-hydroxynon-2-enal PDHX, TRPA1, 8050, 8989, CG5261, CG5751, 4-hydroxytriazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 4-methyl-N-(3-(4- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, methylimidazol-1-yl)-5- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-((4- pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2- yl)amino)benzamide 4-phenylbutyric acid SMN2, 6607, CG16725, 4-S-cysteaminylphenol SERPINB6, 5269, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, 4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether ECD, 11319, CG5714, 4,4′-DDE CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 4,4′-dipyridyl disulfide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 4,8-dimethoxy-7- SMN1, 6606, CG16725, hydroxyfuro(2,3-b)quinoline 4′-epidoxorubicin GPR177, 79971, CG6210, 4′-N-benzoylstaurosporine POLD1, CDK2, CDC2, 5424, 1017, 983, CG5949, CG8203, CG8203, 4(2′-aminoethyl)amino-1,8- CCNB1, AURKA, CDC2, 891, 6790, 983, CG5940, CG6620, CG8203, dimethylimidazo(1,2- a)quinoxaline 4alpha-phorbol 12,13- TRPV4, 59341, CG5842, didecanone 4alphaPDD TRPV4, 59341, CG5842, 5-((1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H- FGFR1, 2260, CG7223, indol-3-ylidene)methyl)-2,4- dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3- propanoic acid 5-(4′-(N- CCNA2, CDK2, 890, 1017, CG5940, CG8203, piperidinyl)phenylazo)indazole 5-7-oxo-zeaenol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 5-AC GALR1, 2587, CG2872, 5-acetylneuraminyl-(2-3)- SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, galactosyl-(1-4)- (fucopyranosyl-(1-3))-N- acetylglucosamine 5-azido-1H-indole-3-acetic acid KDELR1, 10945, CG5183, 5-HT SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, 5-methoxy-N,N- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, diisopropyltryptamine 5-Mop CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 5,10- TYMS, 7298, CG3181, methylenetetrahydrofolate 5,6-dimethylxanthenoneacetic NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, acid 5′-O-(((2-decanoylamino-3- FYN, 2534, CG7873, phenylpropyloxycarbon- yl)amino)sulfonyl)uridine 6 beta-hydroxycortisol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 6-Aminochrysene-1,2- CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, dihydrodiol 6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate COG6, 57511, CG1968, 6-deoxy-6-bromoascorbic acid SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, 6-hydroxydexamethasone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 6-Mercaptopurine TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151, 6,6′-oxybis(2,2- UGT2B7, UGT2B17, UGT1A3, 7364, 7367, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, dimethylhexanoic acid) 64Gd TXNRD2, TXNRD1, TRPA1, 10587, 7296, 8989, CG2151, CG2151, CG5751, TRPV1, CD36, 7442, 948, CG5842, CG7422, 7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(2- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ethyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3- ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)- 1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-b)pyridazine 7-benzylamino-6-chloro-2- PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, piperazino-4- pyrrolidinopteridine 7-benzyloxyquinoline CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, 7-CDL UGT8, 7368, CG4772, 7-hydroxystaurosporine NFKB1, TYMS, CCNA2, 4790, 7298, 890, 5424, CG11992, CG3181, CG5940, POLD1, CDC2, CDK2, PSMD9, 983, 1017, 5715, CG5949, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, 7-ketocholesterol DYNLL1, 8655, CG6998, 7,8-BF CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, 1576, 1577, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, 7,8-dihydroneopterin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, 7′-Isothiocyanato-11-hydroxy- CNR1, 1268, CG12796, 1′,1′- dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol 7C3MT NFKB1, CYP3A4, CCNB1, 4790, 1576, 891, 5715, CG11992, CG2060, CG5940, PSMD9, CG9588, 7H-Pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine TYMS, 7298, CG3181, 8-((4-bromo-2,3- PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, dioxobutyl)thio)-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate 8-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-10- LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, methyl-3-((4-morpholin-4- ylphenyl)amino)-2,4,10- triazabicyclo(4.4.0)deca- 1,3,5,7-tetraen-9-one 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, 8-anilinonaphthalene-1- SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, sulfonic acid 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n- FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, propylamino)tetralin 8-Isoprostane CADPS, 8618, CG18026, 8,10-bis((2,2-dimethyl-1- CNR2, 1269, CG12796, oxopropyl)oxy)-11-methyl- 1234-tetrahydro-6H- benzo(beta)quinolizin-6-one 9-(4′-aminophenyl)-9H- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, pyrido(3,4-b)indole 9-anthroic acid VDAC1, OPN4, 7416, 94233, CG17137, CG4550, 9-CRA UGT2B15, CD36, 7366, 948, CG4772, CG7422, 9-hydroxy-risperidone CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, 9,10-anthraquinone CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, 9H-xanthene CYP3A4, UGT1A6, 1576, 54578, CG2060, CG4772, A 71915 NPR1, 4881, CG31183, A-300-I SLC2A4, NFKB1, S1PR1, 6517, 4790, 1901, 6607, CG1086, CG11992, CG12796, SMN2, FOXP3, HDAC3, 50943, 8841, 2587, CG16725, CG16899, GALR1, PEG3, TYMS, 5178, 7298, 7332, CG2128, CG2872, CG31364, UBE2L3, AURKB, CDC2, 9212, 983, 4297, CG6930, CG3181, MLL, ATP1B2, 482, CG5788, CG6620, CG8203, CG8651, CG8663, a-ADP SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, A73025 SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Abbott PSMD12, 5718, CG1100, abciximab SAG, SERPINC1, 6295, 462, CG5711, CG8137, Absele SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, ABT-737 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, acetamide 45 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, Aceton CD36, 948, CG7422, acetonitrile CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, acetylcholine PLXNA2, DLD, 5362, 1738, CG11081, CG7430, acetylvalerenolic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Aclarubicin SMN2, SMN1, 6607, 6606, CG16725, CG16725, Acolen CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ACON CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP3A7, 1577, 1576, 1551, 7296, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, TXNRD1, DLL1, SAG, 28514, 6295, CG2151, CG3619, CG5711, ACT D SLC2A3, MRPL41, BRD8, 6515, 64975, 10902, CG1086, CG12954, CG14514, CYP3A4, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 1576, 7296, 10587, CG2060, CG2151, KHDRBS1, SNRPG, 10657, 6637, CG2151, CG3613, CG5821, CG9742, actinium VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Actosin SLC2A4, NFKB1, LPAR1, 6517, 4790, 1902, 5153, CG1086, CG11992, CG12796, PDE1B, PDE4A, SMN1, 5141, 6606, 5715, CG14940, CG14940, PSMD9, CG16725, CG9588, adalimumab PSMD12, CD36, 5718, 948, CG1100, CG7422, Adalin ECD, 11319, CG5714, Adanon CYP3A4, CYP3A5, FGFR3, 1576, 1577, 2261, CG2060, CG2060, CG7223, Adfeed PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, adinazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Adofeed UGT2B7, CD36, 7364, 948, CG4772, CG7422, Adrenor SLC2A4, NFKB1, CNR1, 6517, 4790, 1268, 9170, CG1086, CG11992, CG12796, LPAR2, TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, 11319, CG12796, CG2060, ECD, FGFR4, FGFR3, FYN, 2264, 2261, 2534, CG3181, CG5714, CG7223, CG7223, CG7873, Adrin KCNQ5, PDE4A, CYP4F2, 56479, 5141, 8529, CG12915, CG14940, CG2060, CYP4A11, UBE2L3, FGFR3, 1579, 7332, 2261, CG2060, CG5788, CG7223, AEBSF CTSB, 1508, CG10992, Aeromax DHX8, DHX34, 1659, 9704, CG10689, CG1375, CG14198, afloqualone UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, AGMATINE CCNA2, 890, CG5940, AIDSVAX SFRS1, 6426, CG6987, ajoene CCNB1, 891, CG5940, ajulemic acid CNR1, 1268, CG12796, alachlor CYP3A4, CYP3A7, 1576, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, Aladerm CDK2, 1017, CG8203, alaninate FGFR1, 2260, CG7223, Alat NFKB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4790, 1576, 1577, 2261, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, FGFR3, CG7223, Alcolo TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151, Alcuronium FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Aldara NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, ALDO CYP3A4, HDAC3, TMBIM4, 1576, 8841, 51643, CG2060, CG2128, CG6901, GAD1, 2571, CG7811, Aldrich ACTR2, 10097, CG9901, alemtuzumab CADPS, 8618, CG18026, Alfarol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Alfentanil ANKHD1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 54882, 1576, 1577, CG18671, CG2060, CG2060, FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, ALIMTA TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, aliskiren CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Alli CNR1, 1268, CG12796, ALLN NFKB1, CD36, 4790, 948, CG11992, CG7422, alloxazine ADORA2B, 136, CG9753, allyl isothiocyanate TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, almokalant UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772, aloesin CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Alprenolol GSTO1, DNALI1, 9446, 7802, CG6673, CG6971, Alvesco CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, AM 1387 CNR1, 1268, CG12796, AM 251 CNR1, 1268, CG12796, Am 80 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, AMD 070 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Amiloride ACCN1, SLC25A21, CCNB1, 40, 89874, 891, 6317, CG1058, CG5254, CG5940, SERPINB3, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, Aminacrine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Amine BB SERPINB1, 1992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, amino-polyethyleneoxide- SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, sulfonate aminoflavone CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Amiodarone CYP3A4, FGFR3, 1576, 2261, CG2060, CG7223, Amlodipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Amphotericin B UGT8, 7368, CG4772, amprenavir CYP3A7, CYP3A4, 1551, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, Amrinone SMARCA1, 6594, CG8625, amsonic acid CDC2, 983, CG8203, Amygdalin LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, AN 207 LARP6, 55323, CG17386, Anaboleen SLC2A1, NFKB1, UGT2B15, 6513, 4790, 7366, 54657, CG1086, CG11992, CG4772, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54659, 7367, CG4772, CG4772, UGT2B17, UGT1A9, UBE2L3, 54600, 7332, 890, CG4772, CG4772, CG5788, CCNA2, CG5940, anacardic acid AURKA, 6790, CG6620, Anandamide NFKB1, CNR1, CNR2, TRPV1, 4790, 1268, 1269, 7442, CG11992, CG12796, CG12796, CD36, CDK2, 948, 1017, CG5842, CG7422, CG8203, Anco NFKB1, PSIP1, 4790, 11168, CG11992, CG7946, Andrographis TRPV4, 59341, CG5842, Androtine UGT2B17, 7367, CG4772, Aneol CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, Ang II LPAR2, TXNRD3, SERPINC1, 9170, 114112, 462, CG12796, CG2151, CG8137, Anisomycin PSMD12, NFKB1, TXNRD2, 5718, 4790, 10587, CG1100, CG11992, CG2151, Anon TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, Anthocyanins CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, anthra(1,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)- SLC2A4, NFKB1, SMN1, 6517, 4790, 6606, 1576, CG1086, CG11992, CG16725, one CYP3A4, CCNB1, CDC2, 891, 983, 5715, CG2060, CG5940, PSMD9, CG8203, CG9588, anthracene CD226, CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 10666, 1577, 4051, CG13162, CG2060, CG2060, FYN, PSIP1, 2534, 11168, CG7873, CG7946, anthralin NFKB1, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, 4790, 1577, 1551, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, Anthricin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, anthrone KCNQ5, 56479, CG12915, antibiotic G 418 CCNA2, 890, CG5940, antibiotic H107 PSMD12, 5718, CG1100, Antimycin A TXNRD2, CCNA2, POLD1, 10587, 890, 5424, 983, CG2151, CG5940, CG5949, CDC2, PSMD9, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, Anyvim CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, APAP CYP3A4, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 1576, 54657, 54659, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772, APDC THOC4, NFKB1, LARP6, 10189, 4790, 55323, CG1101, CG11992, CG17386, SMAD7, 4092, CG5201, Aphidicolin NFKB1, TYMS, 4790, 7298, CG11992, CG3181, Aphloiol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, apicidin NFKB1, CDK2, 4790, 1017, CG11992, CG8203, Apigenin ACAT1, NFKB1, UGT1A4, 38, 4790, 54657, 54658, CG10932, CG11992, CG4772, UGT1A1, UGT2B7, UGT1A3, 7364, 54659, 54578, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A6, CCNB1, 891, 890, 5424, CG4772, CG4772, CG5940, CCNA2, POLD1, EXOSC1, 51013, 90480, 983, CG5940, CG5949, GADD45GIP1, CDC2, 1017, CG6249, CG7172, CG8203, CDK2, CG8203, apocynin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Apotransferrin PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, aprepitant CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, APRL SLC2A4, NFKB1, LPAR2, 6517, 4790, 9170, 4689, CG1086, CG11992, CG12796, NCF4, FYN, SERPINB3, 2534, 6317, CG7129, CG7873, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, AQ4N CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, arabinogalactan DHX9, 1660, CG9323, Arac NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Aralen NFKB1, C9orf5, DHPS, 4790, 23731, 1725, CG11992, CG2698, CG8005, Arasine SLC2A4, 6517, CG1086, Areca NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Arecoline CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, Areether CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, argatroban CYP3A4, SERPINC1, 1576, 462, CG2060, CG8137, aripiprazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Aron TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 7296, 10587, CG2151, CG2151, Artein NFKB1, SMN1, CYP4F2, 4790, 6606, 8529, 1577, CG11992, CG16725, CG2060, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CD36, 1576, 948, 1017, CG2060, CG2060, CDK2, PSMD9, 5715, CG7422, CG8203, CG9588, Artra NFKB1, GSTT1, CD36, 4790, 2952, 948, CG11992, CG30005, CG7422, arvanil TRPV1, CD36, 7442, 948, CG5842, CG7422, asiatic acid POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, asiaticoside SMAD7, 4092, CG5201, Asmax PLXNB1, NFKB1, PDE4A, 5364, 4790, 5141, 6606, CG11081, CG11992, CG14940, SMN1, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, 5269, CG16725, CG2060, SERPINB6, ADORA2A, 135, CG2060, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG9753, Asmol NFKB1, LPAR2, PDE4A, 4790, 9170, 5141, 6606, CG11992, CG12796, CG14940, SMN1, CG16725, ASTA RFC1, FOXP3, CYP3A5, 5981, 50943, 1577, CG1119, CG16899, CG2060, CYP4F3, SERPINB6, PAFAH1B1, 4051, 5269, 5048, CG2060, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG8440, astatine LGI1, SERPINC1, 9211, 462, CG12927, CG8137, Astemizole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Astragaloside A NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, atazanavir CYP3A4, UGT1A4, UGT1A1, 1576, 54657, 54658, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772, ATL 146e ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, Atorel LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, atorvastatin SLC2A4, NFKB1, CYP3A5, 6517, 4790, 1577, 1576, CG1086, CG11992, CG2060, CYP3A4, CD36, SCARB2, 948, 950, 462, CG2060, CG7422, SERPINC1, CG7422, CG8137, Atovaquone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ATRA PSMD12, THOC4, NFKB1, 5718, 10189, 4790, CG1100, CG1101, CG11992, IGF2R, SMN1, FOXP3, 3482, 6606, 50943, CG14255, CG16725, GFRA1, GFRA2, TRAM1, 2674, 2675, 23471, CG16899, CG17203, CYP4B1, CYP4A11, TBXAS1, 1580, 1579, 6916, 1551, CG17203, CG18833, CG2060, CYP3A7, TXNRD2, 10587, 51343, CG2060, CG2060, FZR1, MED9, KHDRBS1, 55090, 10657, 27042, CG2060, CG2151, CG3000, C1orf107, UGT2B15, 7366, 11014, 8050, CG30113, CG3613, KDELR2, PDHX, UBE2L3, 7332, 8900, 891, 5424, CG5821, CG3735, CG4772, CCNA1, CCNB1, POLD1, 948, 2268, 11168, CG5183, CG5261, CD36, FGR, PSIP1, 462, 1017, 983, 1020, CG5788, CG5940, CG5940, SERPINC1, CDK2, CDC2, 5048, 4297, 5715, CG5949, CG7422, CG7873, CDK5, PAFAH1B1, CG7946, CG8137, MLL, PSMD9, CG8203, CG8203, CG8203, CG8440, CG8651, CG9588, Atropine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Auranofin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, AuTM PARD6A, 50855, CG5884, auxin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, avasimibe CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, AVE 0118 FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, avicularin UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772, Avid CNR2, 1269, CG12796, Axert CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Axsain CNR1, TRPV1, DLD, PSIP1, 1268, 7442, 1738, 11168, CG12796, CG5842, CG7430, CG7946, Aza-dC S1PR1, 1901, CG12796, Aza-deoxycytidine PEG3, 5178, CG31364, CG6930, azacyclonol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Azadc LARP6, FZR1, PEG3, DYNLL1, 55323, 51343, 5178, CG17386, CG3000, CG31364, FYN, PAFAH1B1, 8655, 2534, 5048, 482, CG6930, CG6998, ATP1B2, CG7873, CG8440, CG8663, azamulin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, azaspirane NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, azelaic acid TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, azelastine NFKB1, CYP3A4, 4790, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, azelnidipine CYP3A4, CD36, 1576, 948, CG2060, CG7422, azido ruthenium VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Azine TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, Azithromycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Azobisisobutyramidinium di- CDK9, 1025, CG5179, chloride Azole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Azoles CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Azolidine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Azophen CYP3A7, CYP3A5, 1551, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Azor PLXNA2, CYP3A43, CYP3A4, 5362, 64816, 1576, CG11081, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060, BA (VAN) CYP3A4, CYP3A7, 1576, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, Ba 0108E SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, bacitracin SERPINB1, 1992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, Baclofen FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, bacterial lysate NAP1L4, 4676, CG5330, bafilomycin A1 SFRS1, 6426, CG6987, Bagren CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, baicalein CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, Barbiturate DYNC1H1, SLC2A1, 1778, 6513, CG17150, CG1086, Barnidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, BAY 11-7085 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, BB-K8 SMN1, 6606, CG16725, BCNU GSR, UBE2L3, GLRX, 2936, 7332, 2745, CG2151, CG5788, CG6852, Beflavin CYP4F3, CYP3A5, GSR, 4051, 1577, 2936, 3032, CG2060, CG2060, CG2151, HADHB, CG4581, Belt DDX18, 8886, CG6375, benazepril RBM6, 10180, CG4887, bendamustine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Benidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, benzamidine SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, benzimidazolide UBE2L3, DYNLL2, DYNLL1, 7332, 140735, 8655, CG5788, CG6998, CG6998, Benzodiazepines KCNQ2, PDE4A, CYP3A4, 3785, 5141, 1576, 2261, CG12915, CG14940, CG2060, FGFR3, CG7223, Benzodioxoles CNR1, 1268, CG12796, Benzphetamine CYP4F11, CYP3A4, 57834, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, benzydamine N-oxide FMO3, 2328, CG3006, benzylamine SLC2A4, 6517, CG1086, benzyloxycarbonylleucyl- NFKB1, S1PR1, SMN1, 4790, 1901, 6606, 1576, CG11992, CG12796, CG16725, leucyl-leucine aldehyde CYP3A4, KHDRBS1, SMAD6, 10657, 4091, 891, CG2060, CG3613, CCNB1, POLD1, AUR- 5424, 6790, 983, CG5821, CG5201, CG5940, KA, CDC2, CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG5949, CG6620, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl- TYMS, 7298, CG3181, aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone beractant NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, berberine CYP3A4, CCNB1, 1576, 891, CG2060, CG5940, bergamottin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, bergaptol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, beta-glycerophosphoric acid TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 10587, 7296, CG2151, CG2151, beta-lapachone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, beta-Naphthoflavone CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 54657, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, UGT1A4, UGT1A1, 54658, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, UGT1A6, 54600, 54578, CG4772, CG4772, beta-propiolactone SFRS1, 6426, CG6987, Bethanechol FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, betulinic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, bexarotene PSMD12, PSIP1, 5718, 11168, CG1100, CG7946, Bezafibrate NFKB1, LPAR3, CYP3A4, 4790, 23566, 1576, CG11992, CG12796, CG2060, BG 9928 ADORA1, 134, CG9753, BGC945 TYMS, 7298, CG3181, biapigenin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, BIBX 1382BS CHM, 1121, CG8432, biphenyl-4-ol UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, BIRB 796 DLG1, 1739, CG1725, bisindolylmaleimide I NFKB1, CYP3A4, GPR177, 4790, 1576, 79971, CG11992, CG2060, CG6210, bisindolylmaleimide III CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Bisoprolol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, bisperoxovanadium NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate CLTB, 1212, CG6948, bizelesin SERPINB3, 6317, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, BL1521 PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Bla-S NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Blow CCNA2, FRK, 890, 2444, CG5940, CG7873, BM 41.440 CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, BML 241 S1PR3, 1903, CG12796, BMS 310705 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, BMS204352 KCNQ4, KCNQ5, UGT2B7, 9132, 56479, 7364, CG12915, CG12915, CG4772, BMS453 CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Bo-Xan CHM, 1121, CG8432, Boltin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Bonopen ME3, 10873, CG5889, boron TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, Borrelia-burgdorferi CNR2, 1269, CG12796, bortezomib NFKB1, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4790, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A4, KHDRBS1, PSIP1, 10657, 11168, CG2060, CG3613, PSMD9, 5715, CG5821, CG7946, CG9588, bosentan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, bosutinib CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, botrocetin ACTR2, 10097, CG9901, BPDE NFKB1, GSTT1, 4790, 2952, CG11992, CG30005, BR-II TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, Brake LPAR3, CD36, 23566, 948, CG12796, CG7422, bredinin CCNA2, 890, CG5940, Brefeldin A SLC2A4, GABARAPL2, IGF2R, 6517, 11345, 3482, CG1086, CG12334, CG14255, LARP6, KDELR2, 55323, 11014, 891, CG17386, CG5183, CCNB1, CTBP1, GBF1, 1487, 8729, CG5940, CG7583, CG8487, Bromazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, bromo-cis-stilbene CCNB1, 891, CG5940, brucine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, bryostatin 1 CDK2, CDC2, PSMD9, 1017, 983, 5715, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, Budesonide CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, bufalin CCNA2, 890, CG5940, bufuralol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Bumetanide FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, BuOH ME1, FGFR3, FGR, 4199, 2261, 2268, CG5889, CG7223, CG7873, Bupivacaine KCNQ2, 3785, CG12915, Buprenorphine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, BUPROPION CYP3A4, CCKAR, GAD1, 1576, 886, 2571, CG2060, CG6881, CG7811, Buspirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Busulfan GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, Buthionine Sulfoximine LARP6, GSR, SERPINB6, 55323, 2936, 5269, CG17386, CG2151, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, Butyrate NFKB1, HDAC3, GSTT2, 4790, 8841, 2953, 890, CG11992, CG2128, CG30005, CCNA2, CCNB1, CDC2, 891, 983, 1017, CG5940, CG5940, CDK2, CG8203, CG8203, butyrolactone I UBE2L3, CCNB1, POLD1, 7332, 891, 5424, 983, CG5788, CG5940, CG5949, CDC2, CDK2, CDK5, 1017, 1020, CG8203, CG8203, CG8203, C 1027 CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, C 76 RPL11, 6135, CG7726, CACP NFKB1, LPAR1, MRPL41, 4790, 1902, 64975, CG11992, CG12796, CG12954, VDAC1, DNAH5, LARP6, 7416, 1767, 55323, CG17137, CG17150, TXNRD3, NPR2, ZSCAN1, 114112, 4882, 284312, CG17386, CG2151, TYMS, CCNA2, GPR177, 7298, 890, 79971, CG31183, CG31364, CG6930, AURKA, CASK, SER- 6790, 8573, 5269, CG3181, CG5940, PINB6, SERPINB3, DDOST, 6317, 1650, 5715, CG6210, CG6620, CG6703, PSMD9, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG9022, CG9588, Calcijex PSMD12, TRPV6, 5718, 55503, CG1100, CG5842, Calcimycin PSMD12, NFKB1, DYNLL1, 5718, 4790, 8655, 2268, CG1100, CG11992, CG6998, FGR, CG7873, calphostin C NFKB1, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, 4790, 54658, 54657, CG11992, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A3, FGFR4, 54659, 2264, CG4772, CG7223, Calyculin SLC2A1, SLC2A4, NFKB1, 6513, 6517, 4790, 10587, CG1086, CG1086, CG11992, TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, CG2151, Camptothecin PHB, NFKB1, S1PR1, BRD8, 5245, 4790, 1901, 10902, CG10691, CG11992, CG12796, CCNA2, CCNB1, 890, 891, CG14514, CG5940, CG5940, Canef CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, cangrelor PRDX6, PSMD9, 9588, 5715, CG3083, CG9588, Cannabinoids CNR1, CNR2, TRPA1, ANK1, 1268, 1269, 8989, 286, CG12796, CG12796, CG5751, CG7462, Cannabis CNR1, CNR2, CYP3A4, 1268, 1269, 1576, 2936, CG12796, CG12796, CG2060, GSR, CG2151, Cantharidin TYMS, 7298, CG3181, CAPE NFKB1, SMN1, 4790, 6606, CG11992, CG16725, Capsaicin TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, capsaicinoids TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, capsazepine TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, Carbachol NFKB1, LPAR2, LPAR3, 4790, 9170, 23566, CG11992, CG12796, CG12796, TAOK2, PDE1A, FGFR3, 9344, 5136, 2261, CG14217, CG14940, CG7223, Carbamazepine CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 8841, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, HDAC3, CG2128, carbapenem VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Carbapenems VDAC1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 7416, 54659, 54657, CG17137, CG4772, CG4772, carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl- AURKA, 6790, CG6620, norvalinal Carbolines CDK5, CDK2, 1020, 1017, CG8203, CG8203, Carboxyethyl-phenethylamino- ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Cardiolipins GLRX2, 51022, CG6852, carebastine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, CARNOSOL CCNB1, 891, CG5940, carrageenans SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, carvacrol TRPA1, TRPV3, 8989, 162514, CG5751, CG5842, carvedilol UGT2B7, UGT2B4, UGT1A1, 7364, 7363, 54658, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, Casodex NFKB1, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4790, 4051, 1577, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, caspofungin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, casticin CCNA2, CDC2, 890, 983, CG5940, CG8203, catechins UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772, CB 3717 TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Cbdca AURKB, SERPINB3, 9212, 6317, CG6620, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CCPA ADORA1, 134, CG9753, CD 437 TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151, CDP 840 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, Cefoxitin VDAC1, DPAGT1, 7416, 1798, CG17137, CG5287, celecoxib NFKB1, UBE2L3, CCNB1, 4790, 7332, 891, 1017, CG11992, CG5788, CG5940, CDK2, PSMD9, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, cephalomannine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, cephalosporins CAPZA1, VDAC1, 829, 7416, CG10540, CG17137, cepharanthine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, cerebrolysin SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, cerivastatin NFKB1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4790, 1577, 1576, 1017, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, CDK2, CG8203, Cetomacrogol UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, cetrorelix PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, cetuximab CHM, 1121, CG8432, CGP 12177 DYNLL1, 8655, CG6998, CGS 15943A ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, CGS 21680 TRPV1, ADORA2A, 7442, 135, CG5842, CG9753, CH-THF TYMS, 7298, CG3181, CH2CHO DPAGT1, TRPA1, FGFR3, 1798, 8989, 2261, CG5287, CG5751, CG7223, Chalcone CCNA2, CCNB1, POLD1, 890, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5940, CG5949, CDC2, PSMD9, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, CHAPS NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Chinine CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A7, UGT2B7, 7364, CG2060, CG4772, Chitosan ME1, 4199, CG5889, Chloramphenicol CYP3A4, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 1576, 54657, 54659, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, CLTB, 1212, CG6948, chlorophenyl-ethane CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, chlorophyllin NFKB1, CCNB1, 4790, 891, CG11992, CG5940, chlorophyllypt RFC1, 5981, CG1119, chlorpromazine CYP4F11, GSR, UGT1A4, 57834, 2936, 54657, CG2060, CG2151, CG4772, UGT1A3, TRPA1, 54659, 8989, CG4772, CG5751, Chlorpropham FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Chlorzoxazone CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Cholestanol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, CHOLINE PLXNA2, CHDH, FGFR3, 5362, 55349, 2261, CG11081, CG1152, CG9519, SLC5A7, 60482, CG7223, CG7708, Chonsurid CA10, 56934, CG9678, chromophore LPAR2, OPN4, SAG, 9170, 94233, 6295, CG12796, CG4550, CG5711, Chrysin UGT1A1, UGT1A6, 54658, 54578, CG4772, CG4772, chymostatin CAPN2, CAPNS1, 824, 826, CG8107, CG8107, CI1033 PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, cicaprost CCNA2, 890, CG5940, cifostodine SERPINB1, 1992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, ciglitazone NFKB1, CD36, PSMD9, 4790, 948, 5715, CG11992, CG7422, CG9588, Cilazapril PGC, 5225, CG10872, Cilomilast PDE4B, 5142, CG14940, cilostazol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Cimetidine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A7, CG2060, cinacalcet LPAR2, LPAR3, CYP3A4, 9170, 23566, 1576, CG12796, CG12796, CG2060, cinitapride CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, cinnamic aldehyde TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, cionin SERPINB6, 5269, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, Cipol N PSMD12, NFKB1, FOXP3, 5718, 4790, 50943, CG1100, CG11992, CG16899, DLG3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 1741, 1577, 1576, 7296, CG1725, CG2060, TXNRD1, UGT2B7, 7364, 891, 79971, CG2060, CG2151, CG4772, CCNB1, GPR177, DYNLL1, 8655, 11168, 462, CG5940, CG6210, PSIP1, SERPINC1, CG6998, CG7946, CG8137, Ciprofloxacin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Ciprol CYP4X1, UGT1A3, 260293, 54659, CG2060, CG4772, cis-9, trans-11-conjugated CD36, 948, CG7422, linoleic acid Cisapride CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Citalopram CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Citox CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, CITRULLINE DYNLL1, FGFR3, 8655, 2261, CG6998, CG7223, clebopride FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, clevidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, clobazam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Clodronic Acid DDOST, 1650, CG9022, clofarabine PAFAH1B1, 5048, CG8440, Clofibric Acid NFKB1, CYP3A4, UGT1A3, 4790, 1576, 54659, CG11992, CG2060, CG4772, Clomipramine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Clonazepam CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP4F3, 1577, 1576, 4051, 7298, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, TYMS, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG3181, CG4772, CG4772, Clonidine S1PR1, TBXAS1, TYMS, 1901, 6916, 7298, CG12796, CG2060, CG3181, clopidogrel CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 1025, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CDK9, ME1, SERPINC1, 4199, 462, CG5179, CG5889, CG8137, clotiazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Clozapine SLC2A1, PSMD12, CYP3A4, 6513, 5718, 1576, 1577, CG1086, CG1100, CG2060, CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 4051, 2571, 11168, CG2060, CG2060, CG7811, GAD1, PSIP1, CG7946, clozapine N-oxide CYP3A4, FMO3, 1576, 2328, CG2060, CG3006, CNI 1493 DHPS, 1725, CG8005, Co 2-1970 GSTO1, DNALI1, 9446, 7802, CG6673, CG6971, Coagulin NFKB1, S1PR1, 4790, 1901, CG11992, CG12796, Colchicine PLXNB2, CADPS, CYP3A4, 23654, 8618, 1576, CG11081, CG18026, CG2060, compactin CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, CONT SMN1, CYP3A4, 6606, 1576, CG16725, CG2060, Cotinine GSTT1, FMO1, UGT1A9, 2952, 2326, 54600, CG30005, CG3006, CG4772, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, 54658, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, Cotrim CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, coumarin CYP3A4, SERPINC1, 1576, 462, CG2060, CG8137, CRA 024781 HDAC3, 8841, CG2128, CRA 026440 HDAC3, 8841, CG2128, Crestor CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Crodacid PSMD12, CD36, 5718, 948, CG1100, CG7422, Crypt-2,2,2 COG6, 57511, CG1968, cryptdin 3 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, cryptotanshinone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, cryptoxanthin TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, CUBE NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, CVT 3146 ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, cyanidin 3-rutinoside NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, cyanidin-3-glucoside NFKB1, CCNB1, 4790, 891, CG11992, CG5940, cyanoginosin-LA PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109, Cyclandelate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3′- TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester cyclohexyl-methyl CDK2, 1017, CG8203, cyclopamine CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, Cyclopentenone CCNA2, 890, CG5940, cyclopiazonic acid NFKB1, CYP3A4, 4790, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, Cyproheptadine UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772, Cyproterone Acetate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, cystathionine ME1, 4199, CG5889, cysteamine STK39, 27347, CG7693, cysteinyl-leukotriene GPR177, 79971, CG6210, Cytarabine NFKB1, DNAH5, CYP3A4, 4790, 1767, 1576, 7442, CG11992, CG17150, CG2060, TRPV1, PAFAH1B1, 5048, CG5842, CG8440, cytochalasin B SLC2A1, SLC2A4, SMN1, 6513, 6517, 6606, 1767, CG1086, CG1086, CG16725, DNAH5, CD36, 948, CG17150, CG7422, Cytochalasin D CADPS, CD36, PSIP1, 8618, 948, 11168, CG18026, CG7422, CG7946, cytochalasin E SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, D 22888 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, D 23129 KCNQ2, KCNQ4, KCNQ3, 3785, 9132, 3786, CG12915, CG12915, CG12915, DA 8159 PLXNB1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 5364, 1577, 1576, CG11081, CG2060, CG2060, Dacarbazine CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, DADSO NFKB1, CYP3A4, TRPA1, 4790, 1576, 8989, 7442, CG11992, CG2060, CG5751, TRPV1, CG5842, daidzein NFKB1, UGT1A8, 4790, 54576, CG11992, CG4772, danaproid SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Dapsone CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Daral PLXNA2, CYP4B1, CYP3A4, 5362, 1580, 1576, 55503, CG11081, CG2060, CG2060, TRPV6, KCNIP3, PSMD9, 5503, 30818, 5715, CG5842, CG5890, SMD9, CG9588, Darifenacin CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, darunavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, dasatinib CYP3A4, PSMD9, 1576, 5715, CG2060, CG9588, Daunorubicin NFKB1, UGT8, GPR177, 4790, 7368, 79971, CG11992, CG4772, CG6210, PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, Dayfen NFKB1, FOXP3, SERPINB6, 4790, 50943, 5269, CG11992, CG16899, CG8137, SERPINB4, ADORA2A, 6318, 135, CG9453, CG9460, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG9753, DBPC UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, DDB UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, DDE PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Debrisoquin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, decursin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Deethylamiodarone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, deferiprone UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, Deferoxamine SLC2A1, DPAGT1, CCNA2, 6513, 1798, 890, 5424, CG1086, CG5287, CG5940, POLD1, CDC2, CDK2, 983, 1017, CG5949, CG8203, CG8203, deguelin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, dehydroaripiprazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate CYP3A7, 1551, CG2060, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Delavirdine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, delta8-THC CNR1, CNR2, CADPS, TRPA1, 1268, 1269, 8618, 8989, CG12796, CG12796, CG18026, POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5751, CG5949, CG8203, Denagard CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, denbinobin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, denileukin diftitox PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, denopamine UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772, Depas CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, deramciclane CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, desethylchloroquine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, desflurane TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, desisobutyrylciclesonide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, desmethylazelastine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Desmethyldeprenyl CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Devazepide CCKBR, CCKAR, 887, 886, CG6881, CG6881, Dexfenfluramine CD36, 948, CG7422, dexloxiglumide CYP3A5, CYP4F3, CCKAR, 1577, 4051, 886, CG2060, CG2060, CG6881, Dextropropoxyphene CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, dFdC NFKB1, LARP6, TXNRD1, 4790, 55323, 7296, CG11992, CG17386, CG2151, TXNRD2, UBE2L3, GPR177, 10587, 7332, 79971, CG2151, CG5788, CG6210, DFMO NFKB1, SLC25A21, CCNB1, 4790, 89874, 891, 1017, CG11992, CG5254, CG5940, CDK2, CG8203, DHEA SLC2A1, SLC2A4, NFKB1, 6513, 6517, 4790, 50943, CG1086, CG1086, CG11992, FOXP3, CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, 1576, CG16899, CG2060, CYP3A4, CYP3A7, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, DHLA NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl- CCNB1, 891, CG5940, 2′)butane Diaben CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Diacomit CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, diadenosine tetraphosphate CDC2, 983, CG8203, Dial NFKB1, SERPINB3, PAFAH1B1, 4790, 6317, 5048, CG11992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG8440, Diamide NFKB1, HNRNPA1, 4790, 3178, CG11992, CG9983, DIAN UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, diarsenic trioxide SLC2A1, NFKB1, CCNA2, 6513, 4790, 890, 891, CG1086, CG11992, CG5940, CCNB1, POLD1, GPR177, 5424, 79971, 9446, CG5940, CG5949, GSTO1, FGFR4, CDK2, 2264, 1017, 983, 5715, CG6210, CG6673, CG7223, CDC2, PSMD9, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, Dibenzanthracene CYP3A5, CYP3A7, 1577, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, Dicid CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Diclofenac CYP3A4, UGT2B7, UGT1A6, 1576, 7364, 54578, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, diethyl maleate CD36, 948, CG7422, Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Digicor NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Digitin VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Digoxin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Dihydroqinghaosu UGT1A9, UGT2B7, 54600, 7364, CG4772, CG4772, Dihydroxycholecalciferols FGR, 2268, CG7873, diisopropyl fluorophosphate ECD, 11319, CG5714, dillapiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Diltiazem CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP4F3, 1577, 1576, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Dimethadione CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, dimethyl fumarate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Dimethyl Sulfoxide PSMD12, PSIP1, 5718, 11168, CG1100, CG7946, dimethyl-hydrazide PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, dimethylamino-purine POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, dimuonium LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, dinitrophenol SLC2A4, SLC2A1, 6517, 6513, CG1086, CG1086, Dinoprostone PSMD12, NFKB1, LPAR2, 5718, 4790, 9170, 5141, CG1100, CG11992, CG12796, PDE4A, CADPS, ONECUT2, 8618, 9480, 7442, CG14940, CG18026, TRPV1, CCKBR, 887, 286, CG1922, CG5842, CG6881, ANK1, CG7462, dioxirane TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, Dipalmitoyl LPAR2, PDE4A, 9170, 5141, CG12796, CG14940, diphenylalanine UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772, Diphenylamine UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772, diphenyleneiodonium NFKB1, MRPL41, TXNRD1, 4790, 64975, 7296, CG11992, CG12954, CG2151, FGR, 2268, CG7873, Dipyridamole SLC2A1, SLC2A4, NFKB1, 6513, 6517, 4790, 1738, CG1086, CG1086, CG11992, DLD, CG7430, Dipyrone CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, discodermolide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Diterpenes NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Dithionite CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, diuretic TRPV5, FGFR3, 56302, 2261, CG5842, CG7223, Diuron CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, divinyl benzene SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, dl-lpr IGF2R, PDE4A, MFF, FGFR3, 3482, 5141, 56947, CG14255, CG14940, CG30404, FR3, CG7223, DMGG SLC2A1, SLC2A4, CYP3A4, 6513, 6517, 1576, 462, CG1086, CG1086, CG2060, SERPINC1, CG8137, DMPX ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, DMSO CYP3A7, CYP3A4, UBE2L3, 1551, 1576, 7332, 948, CG2060, CG2060, CG5788, CD36, CG7422, Dobutamine UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, Doca UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772, Doconexent NFKB1, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 4790, 54657, 54659, CG11992, CG4772, CG4772, dodecyl-phosphocholine ECD, 11319, CG5714, dodecyloctaethyleneglycol SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, monoether Domperidone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, DOTA PLXNB2, 23654, CG11081, Doxazosin ANAPC10, NFKB1, CCNA2, 10393, 4790, 890, CG11419, CG11992, CG5940, Doxorubicin NFKB1, LARP6, TXNRD1, 4790, 55323, 7296, CG11992, CG17386, CG2151, TXNRD2, GSR, TYMS, 10587, 2936, 7298, CG2151, CG2151, OPN4, SMAD7, UBE2L3, 94233, 4092, 7332, CG3181, CG4550, CG5201, CCNA2, CCNB1, POLD1, 890, 891, 5424, 9212, CG5788, CG5940, AURKB, DLD, CDC2, CDK2, 1738, 983, 1017, 5715, CG5940, CG5949, CG6620, PSMD9, CG7430, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, Doxycycline NFKB1, CYP3A4, PRDX6, 4790, 1576, 9588, 1798, CG11992, CG2060, CG3083, DPAGT1, CG5287, DPC 681 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, DPCPX ADORA1, 134, CG9753, Droxia CYP3A4, SMAD7, POLD1, 1576, 4092, 5424, 983, CG2060, CG5201, CG5949, CDC2, CG8203, DTMC DHX16, 8449, CG10689, CG1375, dulcin UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772, Durapatite CD36, ANK1, CSNK2B, 948, 286, 1460, CG7422, CG7462, CG8914, DX 9065a SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Dxms SLC2A5, PSM D12, NFKB1, 6518, 5718, 4790, 10902, CG1086, CG1100, CG11992, BRD8, PDE4B, PDE4A, 5142, 5141, 6606, CG14514, CG14940, SMN1, CYP4A11, CYP4Z1, 1579, 199974, CG14940, CG16725, CYP4X1, CYP3A4, 260293, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, UGT1A1, 1551, 54658, 4673, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, NAP1L1, TRPV6, 55503, 891, 948, 11168, CG4772, CG5330, CCNB1, CD36, PSIP1, SLC46A1, 113235, 462, 6317, CG5842, CG5940, CG7422, SERPINC1, SERPINB3, 1017, 983, 5715, CG7946, CG8008, CDK2, CDC2, PSMD9, CG8137, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, Dynatra CNR1, LPAR2, SMN1, TBXAS1, 1268, 9170, 6606, 6916, CG12796, CG12796, CG16725, TYMS, SAG, RASA3, 7298, 6295, 22821, CG2060, CG3181, CCKBR, FGFR3, GAD2, 887, 2261, 2572, CG5711, CG6721, CG6881, FYN, SERPINB1, ADORA2A, 2534, 1992, 135, 134, CG7223, CG7811, ADORA1, CG7873, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG9753, CG9753, E 10 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, E 3330 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, E-MIX 80 CYP4F2, CYP3A4, 8529, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, E.O. GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, EACA SFRS1, SERPINC1, 6426, 462, CG6987, CG8137, ebastine CYP4F12, CYP4F3, 66002, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, ebrotidine CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Echinomycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Econ NFKB1, CYP4F2, CYP3A4, 4790, 8529, 1576, 25819, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, CCRN4L, UGT1A1, CD36, 54658, 948, 2534, CG31299, CG4772, FYN, CG7422, CG7873, econazole CYP3A4, CDK2, 1576, 1017, CG2060, CG8203, ecteinascidin 743 CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Edetic Acid SLC2A1, PLXNB2, CELSR1, 6513, 23654, 9620, CG1086, CG11081, CG11895, LYRM4, ME2, POLD1, 57128, 4200, 5424, CG3717, CG5889, CAPN2, CAPNS1, CDC2, 824, 826, 983, CG5949, CG8107, CG8107, CG8203, Edex DYNC1H1, ATP1B1, 1778, 481, CG17150, CG8663, efavirenz CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, EGCg NFKB1, CYP3A4, CDK2, 4790, 1576, 1017, 5715, CG11992, CG2060, CG8203, PSMD9, CG9588, EGTA CD36, YES1, CAPN2, CAPNS1, 948, 7525, 824, 826, CG7422, CG7873, CG8107, CG8107, eletriptan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Elicide TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, Empecid THOC4, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 10189, 1577, 1576, CG1101, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A7, TRPA1, TRPV1, 1551, 8989, 7442, CG2060, CG5751, CG5842, Enalapril TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 10587, 7296, CG2151, CG2151, Endocannabinoids NFKB1, CNR2, CNR1, TRPV1, 4790, 1269, 1268, 7442, CG11992, CG12796, CG12796, CG5842, endomorphin 1 OPN4, 94233, CG4550, Enediynes CCNA2, 890, CG5940, enflurane DYNC1H1, TRPV1, 1778, 7442, CG17150, CG5842, enone ME3, 10873, CG5889, Enoximone PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, entacapone UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772, Entex FMO3, 2328, CG3006, enzastaurin TYMS, UBE2L3, 7298, 7332, CG3181, CG5788, EOS S1PR1, 1901, CG12796, EPC-K(1) NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, EPEG NFKB1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4790, 1577, 1576, 7019, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, TFAM, UGT1A1, CCNA2, 54658, 890, 891, CG4217, CG4772, CCNB1, POLD1, GPR177, 5424, 79971, 6317, CG5940, CG5940, CG5949, SERPINB3, CDK2, 1017, 983, 4297, CG6210, CG8137, CG9453, CDC2, MLL, CG9460, CG8203, CG8203, CG8651, EPIB CYP4A11, CD36, 1579, 948, CG2060, CG7422, epibatidine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Epicar SPAST, SERPINB3, 6683, 6317, CG5977, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, Epoprostenol NFKB1, TAOK2, DYNC1H1, 4790, 9344, 1778, 1576, CG11992, CG14217, CG17150, CYP3A4, SERPINC1, 462, CG2060, CG8137, epoxybergamottin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, epsilon-viniferin CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, erastin VDAC2, 7417, CG17137, ergosterol-5,8-peroxide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Eril SMN1, 6606, CG16725, erlotinib CYP3A4, TYMS, UBE2L3, 1576, 7298, 7332, 5715, CG2060, CG3181, CG5788, PSMD9, CG9588, erucin TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, Eryc CYP4F11, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 57834, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, SMAD7, 4092, CG5201, erythritol anhydride GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, esterbut-3 TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Estriol CYP3A7, 1551, CG2060, ET18-Ome NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Etfc cpd CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Ethacrynic Acid NFKB1, GPR177, 4790, 79971, CG11992, CG6210, Ethan CELSR1, ME2, ME1, 9620, 4200, 4199, CG11895, CG5889, CG5889, Ethinyl-oestradiol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Ethylmorphine CYP4F11, OPN4, 57834, 94233, CG2060, CG4550, Ethynodiol Diacetate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Eticol SH3D19, 152503, CG7129, Etidronic Acid TFAP4, 7023, CG7664, Etodolac UGT1A9, CCNA2, CCNB1, 54600, 890, 891, 5424, CG4772, CG5940, CG5940, POLD1, SERPINB3, 6317, 1017, 983, CG5949, CG8137, CG9453, CDK2, CDC2, CG9460, CG8203, CG8203, Etoposide NFKB1, CCNA2, PSIP1, 4790, 890, 11168, 983, CG11992, CG5940, CG7946, CDC2, CDK2, 1017, CG8203, CG8203, etoricoxib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, etravirine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Eufor CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 5715, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, PSMD9, CG9588, Eugenol UBE2L3, TRPV3, 7332, 162514, CG5788, CG5842, eupatilin UGT1A3, UGT1A4, CCNB1, 54659, 54657, 891, CG4772, CG4772, CG5940, POLD1, CDC2, CDK2, 5424, 983, 1017, CG5949, CG8203, CG8203, everolimus ACAT1, CYP3A4, 38, 1576, CG10932, CG2060, Evex SLC2A1, SLC2A4, CHDH, 6513, 6517, 55349, CG1086, CG1086, CG1152, NFKB1, GABARAPL1, 4790, 23710, 1268, CG9519, CG11992, CNR1, IGF2R, SMN1, FOXP1, 3482, 6606, 27086, CG12334, CG12796, CG14255, CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, 6916, 1576, CG16725, CG16899, TBXAS1, CYP3A4, PRDX6, 9588, 7298, 54567, CG2060, CG2060, TYMS, DLL4, OPN4, 94233, 7483, 7484, CG2060, CG2060, CG3083, WNT9A, WNT9B, UGT1A4, 54657, 7367, 7366, CG3181, CG3619, CG4550, UGT2B17, UGT2B15, 54658, 54659, CG4698, CG4698, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, 54575, 54600, 7332, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A10, UGT1A9, UBE2L3, 55503, 10873, 890, CG4772, CG4772, TRPV6, ME3, CCNA2, 891, 5424, 9212, 6790, CG4772, CG4772, CG5788, CCNB1, POLD1, AURKB, 2260, 950, 948, 7525, CG5842, CG5889, AURKA, FGFR1, 462, 6317, 1017, CG5940, CG5940, CG5949, SCARB2, CD36, YES1, SER- 983, 6594, 1660, 5715, CG6620, CG6620, CG7223, PINC1, SERPINB3, CDK2, 3178, CG7422, CG7422, CDC2, SMARCA1, DHX9, CG7873, CG8137, CG8137, PSMD9, HNRNPA1, CG9453, CG9460, CG8203, CG8203, CG8625, CG9323, CG9588, CG9983, Evodin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, exenatide PDHX, 8050, CG5261, Exosurf NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Expectorants NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Extina CYP3A4, CYP4F3, CYP4F2, 1576, 4051, 8529, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, UGT1A3, UGT1A1, 54659, 54658, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A9, UGT1A4, 54600, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, Ezerin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, ezetimib CD36, 948, CG7422, Facet FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, Facid RFC1, CNR2, TYMS, FGFR4, 5981, 1269, 7298, 2264, CG1119, CG12796, CG3181, SLC46A1, KHSRP, 113235, 8570, CG7223, CG8008, CG8912, facile MRPL13, TYMS, 28998, 7298, CG10603, CG3181, Factor IIa SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, FAMP NFKB1, SERPINB6, PSMD9, 4790, 5269, 5715, CG11992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG9588, Fanchinine CYP3A4, TYMS, SMAD7, 1576, 7298, 4092, 7332, CG2060, CG3181, CG5201, UBE2L3, CG5788, Farnesyl-PP TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 10587, 7296, CG2151, CG2151, farnesylthiosalicylic acid UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, febuxostat CYP4F3, CYP3A5, UGT1A4, 4051, 1577, 54657, CG2060, CG2060, CG4772, UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772, felbamate CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Felodipine CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Fenfluramine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, fenitrothion TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, fenofibric acid CYP4A11, CYP3A4, 1579, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, Fenretinide UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, Fentanyl PLXNB1, NFKB1, CYP3A5, 5364, 4790, 1577, 1576, CG11081, CG11992, CG2060, CYP3A4, CG2060, ferulic acid CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, Filipin CD36, YES1, 948, 7525, CG7422, CG7873, fingolimod S1PR2, CNR1, S1PR5, S1PR1, 9294, 1268, 53637, CG12796, CG12796, CG12796, CDK2, 1901, 1017, CG12796, CG8203, fipronil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, fisetin NFKB1, CD36, 4790, 948, CG11992, CG7422, Flanin F GSR, 2936, CG2151, Flavon CYP3A5, CYP3A4, DYNLL1, 1577, 1576, 8655, 1017, CG2060, CG2060, CG6998, CDK2, CG8203, flavonols CCNB1, CD36, 891, 948, CG5940, CG7422, flavopiridol NFKB1, UGT1A1, CDK9, 4790, 54658, 1025, CG11992, CG4772, CG5179, UBE2L3, CCNB1, CDC2, 7332, 891, 983, 1017, CG5788, CG5940, CDK2, CDK5, 1020, CG8203, CG8203, CG8203, Flavyl KCNQ3, KCNQ2, CYP3A5, 3786, 3785, 1577, 4051, CG12915, CG12915, CG2060, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, FLCZ CYP3A4, TXNRD1, UGT2B7, 1576, 7296, 7364, CG2060, CG2151, CG4772, Flecainide KCNIP2, 30819, CG5890, Floxacillin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, flufenamic acid NFKB1, TRPV1, 4790, 7442, CG11992, CG5842, Flunitrazepam CYP3A5, UGT1A3, UGT1A1, 1577, 54659, 54658, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, UGT2B7, 7364, CG4772, fluorexon GPR177, 79971, CG6210, Fluorouracil SLC2A1, NFKB1, TAOK2, 6513, 4790, 9344, 55323, CG1086, CG11992, CG14217, LARP6, CYP3A4, TBXAS1, 1576, 6916, 7298, CG17386, CG2060, TYMS, DTYMK, UBE2L3, 1841, 7332, 890, CG2060, CG3181, CG5757, CCNA2, CCNB2, 9133, 5269, CG5788, CG5940, SERPINB6, CG5940, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, fluvoxamine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, FOLATE-ANALOG TYMS, 7298, CG3181, fondaparinux SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Fonofos CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Format CADPS, ELAVL2, 8618, 1993, CG18026, CG4396, Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Forskolin SLC2A5, SLC2A4, SLC2A2, 6518, 6517, 6514, 6513, CG1086, CG1086, CG1086, SLC2A1, LYZ, NFKB1, 4069, 4790, 1901, CG1086, CG1180, CG11992, S1PR1, PDE4A, CYP3A4, 5141, 1576, 7442, CG12796, CG14940, TRPV1, FGFR4, TFAP4, 2264, 7023, 481, CG2060, CG5842, ATP1B1, CG7223, CG7664, CG8663, fosamprenavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Foscarnet NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, FR 120480 CCKAR, 886, CG6881, FR 235222 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, fraxin API5, 8539, CG6582, FTY 720P S1PR1, 1901, CG12796, fucoidan NFKB1, SERPINC1, 4790, 462, CG11992, CG8137, fulvestrant UGT2B15, UGT1A8, UGT1A10, 7366, 54576, 54575, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, CD36, 948, CG7422, fumagillin CYP4V2, 285440, CG2060, Fura-2 FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, furafylline CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Furamon FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Furylfuramide THOC4, TXNRD2, 10189, 10587, CG1101, CG2151, Gabexate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, gadolinium CELSR1, ME2, ME3, 9620, 4200, 10873, CG11895, CG5889, CG5889, Gadolinium DTPA TXNRD2, TXNRD1, CD36, 10587, 7296, 948, CG2151, CG2151, CG7422, galactocerebroside UGT8, 7368, CG4772, galactomannan CSNK2B, 1460, CG8914, galangin CDC2, 983, CG8203, galaturonate CYP4F3, CYP3A5, UGT1A3, 4051, 1577, 54659, CG2060, CG2060, CG4772, UGT1A4, UGT1A10, 54657, 54575, CG4772, CG4772, gallic acid POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, Gallogen CDK2, 1017, CG8203, gambierol TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, Gambogic acid NFKB1, POLD1, CDC2, 4790, 5424, 983, CG11992, CG5949, CG8203, gamma-butyric-acid KCNIP3, 30818, CG5890, Ganciclovir PDHX, 8050, CG5261, gastrin 17 NFKB1, CCKBR, 4790, 887, CG11992, CG6881, gatifloxacin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, gefitinib SERPINB3, PSMD9, 6317, 5715, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG9588, Geldanamycin NFKB1, CNR2, CDK9, CCNB1, 4790, 1269, 1025, 891, CG11992, CG12796, CG5179, POLD1, CDK2, CDC2, 5424, 1017, 983, CG5940, CG5949, FAM162A, 26355, CG8203, CG8203, CG9231, Gemfibrozil CYP3A4, UGT2B7, 1576, 7364, CG2060, CG4772, gemtuzumab NOMO1, 23420, CG1371, Gentamicins UGT8, FGFR3, 7368, 2261, CG4772, CG7223, gepirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, geraniol CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060, geranylcoumarin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Gestodene CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, GF 120918 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, GGTI 298 CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, GI 129471 PSMD12, 5718, CG1100, gingerol NFKB1, CCNA2, 4790, 890, CG11992, CG5940, ginsenoside Rd CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ginsenoside Rf CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ginsenoside Rg1 CDK2, 1017, CG8203, ginsenoside Rh2 CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Ginsenosides NFKB1, FGFR4, 4790, 2264, CG11992, CG7223, GLCa SERPINC1, DHX9, 462, 1660, CG8137, CG9323, Gliclazide SLC2A4, CD36, 6517, 948, CG1086, CG7422, Glumin THOC4, PQBP1, FOXP2, 10189, 10084, 93986, CG1101, CG11820, CG16899, PDHX, 8050, CG5261, Glyoxal TRPV6, 55503, CG5842, Gnidimacrin CDK2, 1017, CG8203, GnRH LPAR2, SMAD7, FGFR1, 9170, 4092, 2260, 11168, CG12796, CG5201, CG7223, PSIP1, CG7946, Go 6976 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, gossypol TXNRD1, ME2, ME1, ME3, 7296, 4200, 4199, 10873, CG2151, CG5889, CG5889, CG5889, GR 79236X ADORA1, 134, CG9753, gramicidin S HDHD1A, 8226, CG5565, Granisetron CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Gravistat SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Grofo CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP4F3, 1577, 1576, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Guggulsterone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, GW 4064 UGT2B15, 7366, CG4772, GW 501516 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, H 89 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Halan PLXNB1, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, 5364, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG11081, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, CG2060, halofuginone RPL10, SMAD7, 6134, 4092, CG17521, CG5201, harmine CCNA2, CDK5, CDC2, CDK2, 890, 1020, 983, 1017, CG5940, CG8203, CG8203, CG8203, Harzol CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, hassium CCNA2, FGFR2, ANK1, 890, 2263, 286, 983, CG5940, CG7223, CG7462, CDC2, CG8203, HDMTX RFC1, NFKB1, TXNRD2, 5981, 4790, 10587, CG1119, CG11992, CG2151, TXNRD1, TYMS, SLC46A1, 7296, 7298, 113235, CG2151, CG3181, SERPINC1, 462, CG8008, CG8137, Hecogenin UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772, Hectorol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Heet CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, helenalin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Hemicholinium 3 FGFR3, SLC5A7, 2261, 60482, CG7223, CG7708, herbimycin NFKB1, PSMD9, 4790, 5715, CG11992, CG9588, hesperadin AURKB, 9212, CG6620, HESPERETIN CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Hexadimethrine SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, hexarelin CD36, 948, CG7422, Hgln CCKBR, 887, CG6881, himbacine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Hk SLC2A4, VDAC1, EXOSC1, 6517, 7416, 51013, CG1086, CG17137, CG6249, Hocus SLC26A6, NFKB1, S1PR3, 65010, 4790, 1903, CG11895, CG11992, CG12796, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, CCRN4L, 1551, 1576, 25819, CG2060, CG2060, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, 54658, CG31299, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A1, UGT2B7, 7364, 7442, 2261, CG4772, CG4772, TRPV1, FGFR3, SERPINC1, 462, CG5842, CG7223, CG8137, HOE 33342 UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, honokiol UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, Horner ODZ1, 10178, CG5723, HS 1200 CCNA2, CDK2, 890, 1017, CG5940, CG8203, HU 211 CNR1, CNR2, TRPV1, 1268, 1269, 7442, CG12796, CG12796, CG5842, HyateC LMAN1, 3998, CG6822, Hydoxin DPAGT1, SERPINC1, 1798, 462, CG5287, CG8137, hydride ME1, ME2, ME3, 4199, 4200, 10873, CG5889, CG5889, CG5889, Hydromorphone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Hydroxychloroquine UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, hydroxycotinine UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772, hydroxylamine PLXNB2, SLC25A21, 23654, 89874, CG11081, CG5254, Hydroxytryptophol UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, Hyhorin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Hypaque CLTA, 1211, CG6948, hyperforin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, hypericin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Hypericum-perforatum CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, hypochlorous acid NFKB1, ATP1B1, 4790, 481, CG11992, CG8663, iberin TXNRD1, UGT1A1, 7296, 54658, CG2151, CG4772, IBMX PDE1B, PDE1C, PDE4A, 5153, 5137, 5141, CG14940, CG14940, CG14940, ibopamine SMARCA1, 6594, CG8625, ibudilast PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, IC 831423 SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, icariin PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, icaritin FGFR4, 2264, CG7223, icilin TRPA1, TRPV1, 8989, 7442, CG5751, CG5842, ICRF 193 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, IDS 23 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Ifosfamide CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Ikarugamycin SFRS1, 6426, CG6987, ilimaquinone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Iloprost DYNC1H1, RBM6, 1778, 10180, CG17150, CG4887, Imadyl PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, imatinib FOXP3, CYP3A4, FZR1, 50943, 1576, 51343, CG16899, CG2060, CG3000, CCNA2, POLD1, FGFR4, 890, 5424, 2264, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CDC2, CDK5, CDK2, PSMD9, 1020, 1017, 5715, CG7223, CG8203, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, imidafenacin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, imidazo-pyridine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, imidazolidin-2-one PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, imidazolidin-one PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, imidazolidine TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 10587, 7296, CG2151, CG2151, Imidazoline NFKB1, ADORA1, 4790, 134, CG11992, CG9753, imidazolyl-disulfide TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, Imipenem VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Imizin CYP4F11, CYP3A4, UGT1A4, 57834, 1576, 54657, CG2060, CG2060, CG4772, Immulina NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Immunoferon NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Impulsin CNR1, 1268, CG12796, Imrecoxib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Imutex CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, 4051, 1577, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Indinavir SLC2A4, CYP3A4, CYP4F3, 6517, 1576, 4051, 1551, CG1086, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A7, CYP3A5, UGT1A1, 1577, 54658, 79971, CG2060, CG2060, CG4772, GPR177, CG6210, indiplon CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, indirubin NFKB1, CDK2, CDC2, CDK5, 4790, 1017, 983, 1020, CG11992, CG8203, CG8203, CG8203, indole-3-acetic acid GAD2, GAD1, 2572, 2571, CG7811, CG7811, indole-3-methanol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, indolin-2-one CCKBR, 887, CG6881, indolin-one CDK2, 1017, CG8203, infliximab SLC2A4, PSMD12, NFKB1, 6517, 5718, 4790, 50943, CG1086, CG1100, CG11992, FOXP3, ELAVL1, 1994, CG16899, CG4396, inhibin B SMAD7, 4092, CG5201, INOmax PLXNB2, NFKB1, LPAR2, 23654, 4790, 9170, CG11081, CG11992, CG12796, DNAH5, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1767, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG17150, CG2060, CYP3A4, TXNRD1, 7296, 7442, 8655, CG2060, CG2060, CG2151, TRPV1, DYNLL1, FGFR3, 2261, 2260, 2572, CG5842, CG6998, FGFR1, GAD2, SERPINB3, 6317, CG7223, CG7223, CG7811, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, inositol-1,3,4,5- RASA3, 22821, CG6721, tetrakisphosphate inulin PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, Iodoacetamide TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, iodomethane CHD2, 1106, CG3733, iodoresiniferatoxin TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, Ionomycin NFKB1, FGFR3, CAPNS1, 4790, 2261, 826, CG11992, CG7223, CG8107, ionophore NFKB1, DYNLL1, FGFR4, 4790, 8655, 2264, 7525, CG11992, CG6998, CG7223, YES1, CG7873, Iopanoic Acid PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Iophendylate TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 10587, 7296, CG2151, CG2151, IPADE CDK2, 1017, CG8203, IPOMEANOL CYP4F3, CYP4B1, CYP3A4, 4051, 1580, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, CG2060, Iressa CYP3A4, UBE2L3, SPAG9, 1576, 7332, 9043, 5715, CG2060, CG5788, CG8110, PSMD9, CG9588, irinotecan NFKB1, CYP3A4, TYMS, 4790, 1576, 7298, 54577, CG11992, CG2060, CG3181, UGT1A7, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, 54658, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A9, UGT1A3, 54600, 54659, 983, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, CDC2, CG8203, irisolidone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Isatin CNR2, 1269, CG12796, isaxonine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, isoamylol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine CAMK2B, 816, CG18069, Isodonol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, isoflavone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, isoflurane DYNC1H1, TRPV1, 1778, 7442, CG17150, CG5842, Isol ME1, 4199, CG5889, Isoliquiritigenin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, isometronidazole CHM, 1121, CG8432, isoprenoids PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Isopropyl Thiogalactoside LETMD1, 25875, CG5989, Isoprostanes FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Isorhamnetin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, isosilybin A NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Isosorbide Dinitrate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, isothiocyanates NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Isotretinoin CYP3A4, SFRS1, PAFAH1B1, 1576, 6426, 5048, CG2060, CG6987, CG8440, Isradipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, istradefylline ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, Itraconazole CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, ivabradine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Ivermectin GPR177, 79971, CG6210, ixabepilone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, jadomycin B AURKB, 9212, CG6620, Jexin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, JHW 015 CNR2, 1269, CG12796, JTE 013 S1PR2, S1PR1, S1PR3, 9294, 1901, 1903, CG12796, CG12796, CG12796, K 252 POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, K-PAM LMAN1, SERPINC1, 3998, 462, CG6822, CG8137, K-SR SAG, PPP2CA, BDP1, 6295, 5515, 55814, CG5711, CG7109, CG9305, kaempferol NFKB1, CYP3A4, CD36, 4790, 1576, 948, 4297, CG11992, CG2060, CG7422, MLL, CG8651, kaempferol-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, acetyl-alpha-l- rhamnopyranoside) KAFA CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Kaken THOC4, NFKB1, S1PR1, 10189, 4790, 1901, CG1101, CG11992, CG12796, WDR92, BRD8, TXNRD1, 116143, 10902, 7296, CG14353, CG14514, TXNRD2, TYMS, KHDRBS1, 10587, 7298, 10657, CG2151, CG2151, CG3181, UBE2L3, CCNA2, 7332, 890, 2268, CG3613, CG5821, FGR, PSIP1, CDK2, SNRPG, 11168, 1017, 6637, CG5788, CG5940, CG7873, CG7946, CG8203, CG9742, Kamalin CCNA2, POLD1, CDC2, 890, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, Kaolin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Kathon 886 DLD, 1738, CG7430, KB 141 TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151, Kemi UGT2B4, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, 7363, 54600, 7364, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, GSTO1, DNALI1, DYNLL1, 9446, 7802, 8655, CG6673, CG6971, CG6998, kenpaullone CDC2, CDK5, 983, 1020, CG8203, CG8203, Ketamine SLC2A1, FGFR3, 6513, 2261, CG1086, CG7223, Keto-desogestrel CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Keto-pgf1alpha SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, ketoglutarate CELSR1, ME2, 9620, 4200, CG11895, CG5889, Kipca NFKB1, SERPINC1, CDC2, 4790, 462, 983, CG11992, CG8137, CG8203, KMD 3213 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, KMTB CTBP1, 1487, CG7583, Kojic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, KR-31543 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, KRM 1648 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, L 365260 CCKBR, 887, CG6881, L 740, 093 CCKBR, 887, CG6881, L-454, 560 PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, L-696, 474 SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, L-T3 CYP3A4, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 1576, 7296, 10587, CG2060, CG2151, CG2151, LAAM CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, lacidipine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, lactacystin NFKB1, TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 4790, 10587, 7296, CG11992, CG2151, CG2151, SMAD7, PSMD9, 4092, 5715, CG5201, CG9588, lactisole TAS1R2, 80834, CG7145, lamotrigine UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, Lanol ACAT2, ACAT1, PLXNB2, 39, 38, 23654, 10084, CG10932, CG10932, CG11081, PQBP1, NFKB1, CNR1, 4790, 1268, 9170, CG11820, CG11992, LPAR2, VDAC1, DNAH5, 7416, 1767, 1576, 4051, CG12796, CG12796, CYP3A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1577, 10587, 28514, CG17137, CG17150, TXNRD2, DLL1, 22796, 950, 948, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, COG2, SCARB2, CD36, 462, 983, 5048, CG2151, CG3619, CG6177, SER- CG7422, CG7422, PINC1, CDC2, PAFAH1B1, CG8137, CG8203, CG8440, lansoprazole CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, lapatinib CYP3A4, PSMD9, 1576, 5715, CG2060, CG9588, laquinimod CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, latrunculin A DNAH5, 1767, CG17150, latrunculin B SMN1, 6606, CG16725, lavendustin A FGFR4, 2264, CG7223, LBH589 PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, leflunomide FYN, 2534, CG7873, lenalidomide PAFAH1B1, 5048, CG8440, Lendorm CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Lentinan TAOK2, 9344, CG14217, leptomycin B PHB, NFKB1, CCNB1, PSMD9, 5245, 4790, 891, 5715, CG10691, CG11992, CG5940, CG9588, Leucovorin NFKB1, TBXAS1, TYMS, 4790, 6916, 7298, CG11992, CG2060, CG3181, Leukotriene C4 NFKB1, GPR177, 4790, 79971, CG11992, CG6210, Leukotriene D4 NFKB1, LPAR2, 4790, 9170, CG11992, CG12796, leukotrienes LPAR2, CYP4F3, NAP1L1, 9170, 4051, 4673, CG12796, CG2060, CG5330, Leupeptin NFKB1, CAPNS1, CAPN2, 4790, 826, 824, CG11992, CG8107, CG8107, Levamisole DPAGT1, 1798, CG5287, Levitra CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, levobupivacaine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Levonorgestrel DLL1, 28514, CG3619, levugen SLC2A1, SLC2A5, SLC2A3, 6513, 6518, 6515, 6514, CG1086, CG1086, CG1086, SLC2A2, SLC2A4, 6517, CG1086, CG1086, liarozole TBXAS1, 6916, CG2060, Lidocaine CYP3A4, TRPV1, 1576, 7442, CG2060, CG5842, lilopristone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Lipoate NFKB1, DLAT, 4790, 1737, CG11992, CG5261, Lipofectamine GPR177, 79971, CG6210, lipoteichoic acid NFKB1, CD36, 4790, 948, CG11992, CG7422, Lipoxins LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, lissamine rhodamine B CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, lithocholic acid NFKB1, CYP3A4, UGT2B7, 4790, 1576, 7364, CG11992, CG2060, CG4772, LMWH BRD8, SMN1, TBXAS1, 10902, 6606, 6916, CG14514, CG16725, CG2060, TYMS, PDHX, NAP1L4, 7298, 8050, 4676, 6295, CG3181, CG5261, SAG, FGFR1, PSIP1, SERPINC1, 2260, 11168, 462, CG5330, CG5711, CG7223, SERPINB1, CDK2, 1992, 1017, CG7946, CG8137, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG8203, LNAC NFKB1, CD36, PSIP1, PSMD9, 4790, 948, 11168, 5715, CG11992, CG7422, CG7946, CG9588, lonafarnib NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Loperamide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, lopinavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Loratadine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Lorazepam PLXNA2, ECD, 5362, 11319, CG11081, CG5714, Lorex CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, lorglumide CCKBR, CCKAR, 887, 886, CG6881, CG6881, Losartan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Lovan ME1, 4199, CG5889, loxiglumide CCKAR, 886, CG6881, LUF 5831 ADORA1, 134, CG9753, lupeol POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, luteolin CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CCNB1, 1576, 1577, 891, 51013, CG2060, CG2060, CG5940, EXOSC1, CG6249, LY 117018 FGFR1, 2260, CG7223, LY 293111 CCNA2, CDK2, PSMD9, 890, 1017, 5715, CG5940, CG8203, CG9588, LY231514 TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, LYCOPENE NFKB1, PSMD9, 4790, 5715, CG11992, CG9588, lysophosphatidic acid NFKB1, S1PR4, S1PR1, 4790, 8698, 1901, 9170, CG11992, CG12796, CG12796, LPAR2, LPAR1, S1PR5, 1902, 53637, 1903, CG12796, CG12796, S1PR3, SMN1, SMAD7, 6606, 4092, 948, CG12796, CG12796, CD36, ANK1, FYN, 286, 2534, CG16725, CG5201, CG7422, CG7462, CG7873, Lysophosphatidylcholines LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, Lysophosphatidylglycerol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl- NFKB1, KHDRBS1, PARD6A, 4790, 10657, 50855, CG11992, CG3613, CG5821, alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl- CG5884, lysyl-lysyl-arginine M&B22948 LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, Malix CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, manidipine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, manumycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, maraviroc CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Matrine UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, MCYST-LR PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109, Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2 CCKBR, 887, CG6881, mead ethanolamide CNR1, 1268, CG12796, MeAsO(OH)2 GSTO1, 9446, CG6673, Mebumal SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, Mechlorethamine NFKB1, CCNB1, POLD1, 4790, 891, 5424, 983, CG11992, CG5940, CG5949, CDC2, CG8203, Medroxyprogesterone 17- CYP3A4, DLL4, SERPINC1, 1576, 54567, 462, 5715, CG2060, CG3619, CG8137, Acetate PSMD9, CG9588, Mefenamic Acid UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772, Megalomicin CD36, 948, CG7422, Melarsoprol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Melatol CYP4F3, CYP3A5, GSR, 4051, 1577, 2936, 407, CG2060, CG2060, CG2151, ARR3, CG5711, meletin NFKB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4790, 1576, 1577, 54578, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, UGT1A6, UGT1A3, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A4, CCNB1, POLD1, 891, 5424, 983, 1017, CG4772, CG5940, CG5949, CDC2, CDK2, PSMD9, 5715, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, melitten NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, meloxicam NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Melphalan CCNB1, PAFAH1B1, 891, 5048, CG5940, CG8440, Memantine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, menadiol UGT1A4, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, 54657, 54659, 54578, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, Menhaden oil CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, menthofuran CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Meperidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Mephenytoin CYP3A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1576, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, mesalamine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Mesaton NFKB1, CCNA2, 4790, 890, CG11992, CG5940, Meth NFKB1, CYP3A4, 4790, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, methanandamide CNR1, CADPS, 1268, 8618, CG12796, CG18026, methanethiosulfonate TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, ethylammonium Methimazole FMO3, 2328, CG3006, methionyl-leucyl- LPAR2, TRPV2, 9170, 51393, CG12796, CG5842, phenylalanine Methorphan CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Methoxsalen CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Methoxy-psoralen PRPF19, 27339, CG5519, methoxyamine SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, methoxychlor CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, methoxymorphinan CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, methyl chloroformate TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Methyl glycine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Methyl paraben TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, methyl salicylate UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, methyl tryptophan FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, methyl-dopa UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, methyl-phosphorothioate TYMS, 7298, CG3181, methyl-Pyridinium CCKBR, 887, CG6881, methylamine SLC2A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 6517, 4051, 1577, CG1086, CG2060, CG2060, Methylamylnitrosamine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Methylene-tetrahydrofolate TYMS, 7298, CG3181, methylenetetrahydrofolates TYMS, 7298, CG3181, methylglyoxal NFKB1, HAGH, TRPV6, 4790, 3029, 55503, CG11992, CG4365, CG5842, methylnaltrexone S1PR3, 1903, CG12796, methyloxidanyl CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, methylparaben TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, methylphosphate CDK9, 1025, CG5179, Methylprednisolone NFKB1, CYP3A4, SERPINC1, 4790, 1576, 462, CG11992, CG2060, CG8137, methylxanthines PDE1B, 5153, CG14940, Metoclopramide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Metopiron CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Metribolone NFKB1, OPN4, CCNA1, 4790, 94233, 8900, CG11992, CG4550, CG5940, PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, mevalonic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, micafungin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, miconazole CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Mictonorm CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Midazolam PLXNB1, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 5364, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG11081, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A4, CG2060, Mifepristone CYP3A4, PRDX6, UBE2L3, 1576, 9588, 7332, 890, CG2060, CG3083, CG5788, CCNA2, CDK2, 1017, CG5940, CG8203, MIII FGFR1, 2260, CG7223, Milrinone PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, Mimosine CCNA2, 890, CG5940, mirtazapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Mit-C NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, mithramycin NDUFV2, 4729, CG5703, MitoTracker-Red TFAM, 7019, CG4217, Mitoxantrone UBE2L3, PAFAH1B1, 7332, 5048, CG5788, CG8440, mizolastine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, MLN8054 AURKA, 6790, CG6620, mofarotene PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Monensin CCNA2, CCNB1, POLD1, 890, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5940, CG5949, CDC2, CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, mono-N-demethyladinazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate CELSR2, 1952, CG11895, monoethylglycinexylidide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, monomethylarsonic acid SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, monoterpenes NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, monuron TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, MORIN SMAD7, CD36, 4092, 948, CG5201, CG7422, morpholine ME1, 4199, CG5889, morusin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, motexafin gadolinium CYP3A4, TXNRD1, 1576, 7296, CG2060, CG2151, Motuporin PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109, moxifloxacin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, MPEG CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Muraglitazar UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, mutalipocin II MLL, 4297, CG8651, mycophenolic acid UGT2B7, UGT1A9, UGT1A8, 7364, 54600, 54576, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, 54577, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A7, Mycose LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, Myocol PSMD12, 5718, CG1100, myricetin NFKB1, CD36, 4790, 948, CG11992, CG7422, myxothiazol TXNRD2, 10587, CG2151, N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4- NFKB1, UBE2L3, 4790, 7332, CG11992, CG5788, nitro- phenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2- TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 10587, 7296, CG2151, CG2151, hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3- CNR1, 1268, CG12796, cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)- 2-methyl-2-((5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl)oxy)propanamide N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4- TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, chlorocinnamanilide N-(3- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone N-(4-(6-(4-(1-(4- TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazin-1- yl)pyrimidin-4- yloxy)benzo(d)thiazol-2- yl)acetamide N-(4-(6-(4- TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, trifluoro- methylphenyl)pyrimidin-4- yloxy)benzothiazol-2- yl)acetamide N-(4-cyano- CYP3A4, CYP3A7, 1576, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, benzo(b)thiophene-2- carbonyl)guanidine N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)- UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, 2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2- thiazolyl)-4- piperidinecarboxamide N-acetylcysteine lysinate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, n-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d- NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, isoglutamine N-acetylneuraminic acid PGC, CNR2, KHDRBS1, 5225, 1269, 10657, CG10872, CG12796, CG3613, SERPINC1, 462, CG5821, CG8137, N-desmethylclobazam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, N-ethylmaleimide KCNQ2, HNRNPA1, 3785, 3178, CG12915, CG9983, N-methyl-N- TYMS, 7298, CG3181, (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2- CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, propargyloxy- phenyl)hexanamide N-oleoyldopamine TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine SLC5A7, 60482, CG7708, N,N,N′,N′- ME1, 4199, CG5889, tetramethylethylenediamine N(6)-cyclohexyl-2-O- ADORA1, 134, CG9753, methyladenosine N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine ADORA1, 134, CG9753, N3-IQ CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, Nadroparin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, naftifine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, nal-NH2 CCKBR, 887, CG6881, NALS SMN1, 6606, CG16725, nanchangmycin NDUFAB1, 4706, CG9160, Naproxen UGT2B7, UGT1A1, 7364, 54658, CG4772, CG4772, naratriptan SFRS1, 6426, CG6987, narbonolide NDUFAB1, 4706, CG9160, NARIGENIN SLC2A4, CYP3A4, UGT1A3, 6517, 1576, 54659, CG1086, CG2060, CG4772, Narkotil STX8, 9482, CG4109, Nasol TYMS, 7298, CG3181, natalizumab FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, nateglinide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Naxy NFKB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4790, 1576, 1577, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, nebivolol NFKB1, CDK2, 4790, 1017, CG11992, CG8203, Nefazodone CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, nefiracetam FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Nelfinavir CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Neomycin SERPINB1, 1992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, Neopterin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Neostigmine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Neut SLC25A21, UBE2L3, 89874, 7332, CG5254, CG5788, Nevirapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, NFBA CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Nialk ECD, 11319, CG5714, Nicardipine CYP3A5, CYP3A4, DLL1, 1577, 1576, 28514, CG2060, CG2060, CG3619, CD36, 948, CG7422, Niflumic Acid UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772, nimesulide SERPINB3, 6317, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, niobium ME1, 4199, CG5889, nitecapone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, nitroanilide SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, nitroaspirin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Nitrofurans GSR, DLD, 2936, 1738, CG2151, CG7430, NITROPYRENE CYP3A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1576, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, nitrosamines CYP3A5, CYP4F3, UGT1A7, 1577, 4051, 54577, CG2060, CG2060, CG4772, Nitrosoanabasine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Nitrosocysteine NFKB1, LPAR2, 4790, 9170, CG11992, CG12796, nitrosulindac NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Nizatidine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, NK 104 NFKB1, CD36, 4790, 948, CG11992, CG7422, NK314 CDC2, 983, CG8203, NMDA DLG1, FYN, 1739, 2534, CG1725, CG7873, NN 703 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Noan SLC2A1, PDE4A, CYP3A4, 6513, 5141, 1576, CG1086, CG14940, CG2060, Nobiletin NFKB1, CYP3A4, GSR, UGT1A4, 4790, 1576, 2936, 54657, CG11992, CG2060, CG2151, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, 54658, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, CD36, 948, CG4772, CG7422, NOC 18 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Nocodazole NFKB1, TAOK2, CCNB1, 4790, 9344, 891, 23299, CG11992, CG14217, CG5940, BICD2, COX7A2L, 9167, CG6605, CG9603, nodularin PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109, Nodularin v PPP2CA, 5515, CG7109, nolatrexed TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Nonoxynol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, noralfentanil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, norbuprenorphine UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772, Norclozapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Norethindrone CYP3A4, TYMS, 1576, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, noreximide CDC2, 983, CG8203, norfluoxetine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Norgestrel TYMS, 7298, CG3181, norharman CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, norketobemidone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, norlaudanosoline NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, normeperidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Nortilidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, norverapamil CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, novobiocin GPR177, 79971, CG6210, NS-187 YES1, 7525, CG7873, NSC 23766 NFKB1, ACTR2, 4790, 10097, CG11992, CG9901, NSC 366140 CYP3A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1576, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, NSC 663284 CDC2, 983, CG8203, NSC-134754 SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, NU2058 CDK2, 1017, CG8203, number-one SMN1, 6606, CG16725, nutlin 3 NFKB1, MRPL41, UBE2L3, 4790, 64975, 7332, CG11992, CG12954, CG5788, NVP-AEW541 PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Nylon CADPS, 8618, CG18026, O- CYP4V2, CCNA2, POLD1, 285440, 890, 5424, CG2060, CG5940, CG5949, (chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol CDC2, CDK2, 983, 1017, CG8203, CG8203, O-desethylreboxetine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, O-Due LRRN2, CYP3A4, CYP4F3, 10446, 1576, 4051, CG11280, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060, o-quinone TXNRD2, TXNRD1, DLD, 10587, 7296, 1738, CG2151, CG2151, CG7430, obovatol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, OCDD CYP3A7, CYP3A5, 1551, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, octanediol ME1, 4199, CG5889, Octoxynol UGT1A6, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, 54578, 54658, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, UGT2B4, UGT2B15, 7363, 7366, 7364, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, UGT2B7, UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772, Octreotide PLXNA2, CD36, PSMD9, 5362, 948, 5715, CG11081, CG7422, CG9588, Okadaic Acid SLC2A1, SLC2A4, CTSB, 6513, 6517, 1508, 4790, CG1086, CG1086, CG10992, NFKB1, TXNRD2, POLD1, 10587, 5424, 9212, CG11992, CG2151, AURKB, CDC2, ACSL3, 983, 2181, CG5949, CG6620, CG8203, CG8732, olanzapine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, FMO3, 4051, 1577, 2328, 54657, CG2060, CG2060, CG3006, UGT1A4, CG4772, olefins ME1, 4199, CG5889, oleoylethanolamide CNR1, 1268, CG12796, olmelin UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, olmesartan NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, olomoucine POLD1, CDK2, CDC2, 5424, 1017, 983, CG5949, CG8203, CG8203, olomoucine II CDK9, 1025, CG5179, Oltipraz NFKB1, CYP3A4, UGT1A4, 4790, 1576, 54657, CG11992, CG2060, CG4772, UGT1A6, UGT1A3, 54578, 54659, 54658, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A1, CG4772, omalizumab CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, omega-agatoxin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, omega-Conotoxin GVIA FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, omega-N-Methylarginine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Omeprazole PGC, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, 5225, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG10872, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, CG2060, omeprazole sulfone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, onapristone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ONCB PPP3R1, 5534, CG14353, Ondansetron CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ONO4819 FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Optef RFC1, NFKB1, DNAH5, 5981, 4790, 1767, 1577, CG1119, CG11992, CG17150, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, 1551, 1576, 28514, CG2060, CG2060, DLL1, UGT1A1, ME1, 54658, 4199, 6426, CG2060, CG3619, CG4772, SFRS1, SERPINC1, 462, CG5889, CG6987, CG8137, OR 1246 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, oroxylin A POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, Orphenadrine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Osten CYP3A4, FGFR1, 1576, 2260, CG2060, CG7223, osteum SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, OSU 03012 CCNA2, CDK2, 890, 1017, CG5940, CG8203, Ouabain LRRN2, NFKB1, ATP4B, 10446, 4790, 496, CG11280, CG11992, CG8663, OVEX CYP3A7, UGT1A3, 1551, 54659, CG2060, CG4772, Ovex CYP3A5, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, 1577, 1576, 54658, CG2060, CG2060, CG4772, SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, oxaliplatin NFKB1, TYMS, SLC25A21, 4790, 7298, 89874, CG11992, CG3181, CG5254, POLD1, CDC2, CDK2, 5424, 983, 1017, CG5949, CG8203, CG8203, Oxarol PLXNA2, PSMD9, 5362, 5715, CG11081, CG9588, oxaspirodion NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, oxatomide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Oxazepam UGT2B7, UGT2B15, 7364, 7366, CG4772, CG4772, oxcarbazepine CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, Oxotremorine FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, oxotremorine M FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Oxymorphone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Oxyntomodulin CCKAR, 886, CG6881, Oxytrol CYP3A5, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, 1577, 4051, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, p-ABA SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, p-XSC NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, p-Xylol CELSR1, ME2, 9620, 4200, CG11895, CG5889, Paclitaxel NFKB1, TAOK2, CYP4F3, 4790, 9344, 4051, 1576, CG11992, CG14217, CG2060, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, TXNRD2, 1577, 10587, 7296, CG2060, CG2060, TXNRD1, TYMS, 7298, 7332, 891, CG2151, CG2151, CG3181, UBE2L3, CCNB1, POLD1, 5424, 9212, 983, 1017, CG5788, CG5940, AURKB, CDC2, CDK2, 1020, 5715, 9167, CG5949, CG6620, CG8203, CDK5, PSMD9, COX7A2L, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, CG9603, paeonol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, palladium CELSR1, DNAH5, ME2, 9620, 1767, 4200, CG11895, CG17150, CG5889, palmitoleate ME2, ME1, ME3, 4200, 4199, 10873, CG5889, CG5889, CG5889, PALMITOYL UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, Palmitoylcarnitine PANK2, 80025, CG5725, pamidronate DDOST, 1650, CG9022, panaxadiol CDK2, 1017, CG8203, panepoxydone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pantoprazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Papaverine PDE4A, FGFR3, 5141, 2261, CG14940, CG7223, Papite NFKB1, TRPA1, 4790, 8989, CG11992, CG5751, PAPP HDAC3, 8841, CG2128, parecoxib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Paroxetine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Parsal PSMD12, NFKB1, 5718, 4790, CG1100, CG11992, Parthenolide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, PC 314 NPFFR2, 10886, CG10823, PCA 4230 UBE2L3, CCNA2, 7332, 890, CG5788, CG5940, PCSO CNR2, 1269, CG12796, PD 134308 CCKBR, 887, CG6881, PD 144795 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, PD 180988 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, PD 98059 SLC2A5, SLC2A4, NFKB1, 6518, 6517, 4790, 6606, CG1086, CG1086, CG11992, SMN1, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, 1576, 54658, 1017, CG16725, CG2060, CDK2, CG4772, CG8203, pectin ACAT1, 38, CG10932, Pemetrexed TBX- 6916, 7298, 113235, CG2060, CG3181, CG8008, AS1, TYMS, SLC46A1, Penicillins VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Penite PSMD12, NFKB1, 5718, 4790, CG1100, CG11992, Pentagastrin CCKAR, CCKBR, 886, 887, CG6881, CG6881, Pentoxifylline NFKB1, CCNB1, 4790, 891, CG11992, CG5940, Peplomycin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, peppermint oil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Pepstatin A CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Perazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Pergolide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Perillol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Perilymph SERPINB3, 6317, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, periodate CLTA, 1211, CG6948, perospirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, perovskite TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 7296, 10587, CG2151, CG2151, PFPA ECD, 11319, CG5714, Phebestin FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, phen NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, phenolate ME1, 4199, CG5889, Phenols UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, phenoxodiol CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Phenprocoumon CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Phentermine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, phenyl-propionamide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, phenyl-Pyridinium MPP1, 4354, CG6703, Phenytoin CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 54578, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, UGT1A6, UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772, CG4772, pheophorbide a CCNA1, POLD1, CDC2, 8900, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, phloretin SLC2A1, SLC2A2, 6513, 6514, CG1086, CG1086, PHOB CYP4B1, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, 1580, 4051, 1576, 260293, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP4X1, CYP3A5, GSTT1, 1577, 2952, CG2060, CG2060, CG30005, UGT1A1, UGT1A6, 54658, 54578, 2261, CG4772, CG4772, FGFR3, CG7223, phorate CYP3A4, FMO1, 1576, 2326, CG2060, CG3006, phorbol CADPS, TRPV1, TRPV4, 8618, 7442, 59341, CG18026, CG5842, CG5842, CD36, 948, CG7422, phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13- TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, acetate 20-homovanillate phosphatidylethanolamines GABA- 11337, 11345, 23710, CG12334, CG12334, CG12334, RAP, GABARAPL2, GABARAPL1, 462, CG8137, SERPINC1, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5- KCNQ2, KHDRBS2, KHDRBS3, 3785, 202559, 10656, CG12915, CG3613, CG5821, Diphosphate TRPV6, RASA2, 55503, 5922, 11168, CG3613, CG5821, PSIP1, CG5842, CG6721, CG7946, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, RASA2, 5922, CG6721, Ptdlns(4,5)P2 phytanic acid UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, Picibanil TAOK2, 9344, CG14217, picric acid TRPA1, 8989, CG5751, pifithrin NFKB1, CCNB1, 4790, 891, CG11992, CG5940, Pilot MLL, 4297, CG8651, pimecrolimus NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pioglitazone SLC2A5, ACAT1, NFKB1, 6518, 38, 4790, 1577, CG1086, CG10932, CG11992, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CD36, 1576, 948, 462, 5715, CG2060, CG2060, SERPINC1, PSMD9, CG7422, CG8137, CG9588, pipecoloxylidide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, piperidine SMN1, 6606, CG16725, piperine CYP3A4, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 1576, 54659, 54657, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, Pira LYZ, CYP3A4, 4069, 1576, CG1180, CG2060, pirinixic acid CYP4A11, CYP4X1, 1579, 260293, CG2060, CG2060, Piroxicam SERPINB3, 6317, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, PKC412 POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, plumbagin NFKB1, POLD1, CDC2, 4790, 5424, 983, CG11992, CG5949, CG8203, Pluronic p 85 SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, PMDT ME1, 4199, CG5889, PMPA FMO3, 2328, CG3006, PMSF PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, PNPP PPEF1, 5475, CG6571, Podophyllotoxin CYP3A4, PAFAH1B1, 1576, 5048, CG2060, CG8440, polidocanol UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 54659, 54657, CG4772, CG4772, poly-gamma-glutamate TYMS, 7298, CG3181, ponicidin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, poractant alfa CD36, 948, CG7422, posaconazole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, potassium tellurate(IV) UGT8, 7368, CG4772, PQQ Cofactor TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, pranlukast GPR177, 79971, CG6210, Pravastatin NFKB1, CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 4790, 1577, 4051, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A4, CD36, 948, CG2060, CG7422, Prazosin CCNA2, 890, CG5940, PRDL NFKB1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4790, 1577, 1576, 1798, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, DPAGT1, CG5287, Precursor mrna DHX16, 8449, CG10689, CG1375, Prednisone SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, pregnane CYP3A4, CYP3A7, 1576, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, Pregnanes UGT2B7, UGT2B11, 7364, 10720, CG4772, CG4772, Pregnanolone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, pregnenolone 16alpha- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, carbonitrile Pregnyl NFKB1, NDUFA6, 4790, 4700, CG11992, CG7712, preussin CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Primidone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Proadifen CYP4F3, CYP3A7, CYP3A5, 4051, 1551, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Proanthocyanidins NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Probenecid TRPV2, GPR177, 51393, 79971, CG5842, CG6210, Probucol NFKB1, FGR, 4790, 2268, CG11992, CG7873, Procasil PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Procetofen CYP3A4, UBE2L3, 1576, 7332, CG2060, CG5788, procyanidin B2 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Prodix CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, prolactin, polymeric ECD, 11319, CG5714, Propafenone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Propanesulfonate UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, Propofol SLC2A1, PLXNB1, CYP3A4, 6513, 5364, 1576, 54658, CG1086, CG11081, CG2060, UGT1A1, UGT1A9, 54600, CG4772, CG4772, propyl pyrazole triol UGT2B15, 7366, CG4772, propyne ME3, 10873, CG5889, prostratin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, protopanaxadiol FGFR4, 2264, CG7223, protopanaxatriol FGFR4, 2264, CG7223, PS 15 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Pseudohypericin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Pseudomonas-exotoxin KDELR1, FGFR2, 10945, 2263, CG5183, CG7223, Psoralens CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, psychosine-3′-sulfate ester S1PR3, 1903, CG12796, PTBP UGT1A6, 54578, CG4772, pteridine PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, Pterostilbene PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, PURAC SLC2A4, 6517, CG1086, Puromycin KHDRBS1, 10657, CG3613, CG5821, putrescine SLC25A21, TRPV1, 89874, 7442, CG5254, CG5842, Pyocyanine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Pyra KCNQ2, KCNQ3, SERPINB3, 3785, 3786, 6317, CG12915, CG12915, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, pyranones NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pyrazole FYN, 2534, CG7873, Pyrethrins CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, pyridazine ADORA1, 134, CG9753, Pyrimethamine TBXAS1, TYMS, DHPS, 6916, 7298, 1725, CG2060, CG3181, CG8005, pyrimidin-2-one beta- POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, ribofuranoside Pyro CCNA2, CCNB1, CDK2, 890, 891, 1017, 5715, CG5940, CG5940, CG8203, PSMD9, CG9588, pyrogallol sulfonphthalein NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, pyrroloazepinone CDK5, 1020, CG8203, Qingkailing NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, quercitrin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, quetiapine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Quicifal CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, quinazoline NFKB1, TYMS, 4790, 7298, CG11992, CG3181, Quinolinium CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Quinpirole FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, quinuclidin-3′-yl-1-phenyl- CYP3A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1576, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline- 2-carboxylate monosuccinate quinupristin-dalfopristin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, R-138727 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, R-99224 ME1, 4199, CG5889, Raloxifene CYP3A4, SERPINC1, 1576, 462, CG2060, CG8137, raltitrexed TBX- 6916, 7298, 7332, CG2060, CG3181, CG5788, AS1, TYMS, UBE2L3, Ramipril DYNC1H1, 1778, CG17150, ramiprilat NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, RAMP CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A7, UGT1A1, UGT1A6, 54658, 54578, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, UGT2A3, GPR177, 79799, 79971, CG4772, CG6210, Ranitidine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, 2261, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, FGFR3, CG7223, RAPA SLC2A1, EIF3J, GABARAPL2, 6513, 8669, 11345, CG1086, CG12131, CG12334, GABARAPL1, SMN1, 23710, 6606, 1576, CG12334, CG16725, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, NPR1, 1577, 4881, 7332, 55503, CG2060, CG2060, CG31183, UBE2L3, TRPV6, TRPV5, 56302, 890, 948, CG5788, CG5842, CCNA2, CD36, CDK2, 1017, 5715, CG5842, CG5940, CG7422, PSMD9, CG8203, CG9588, rasagiline NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rebamipide AURKB, 9212, CG6620, reboxetine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, remifentanil ELAVL1, 1994, CG4396, renzapride CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, repaglinide CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Resiniferotoxin TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, resiquimod GSTO1, DNALI1, 9446, 7802, CG6673, CG6971, Retardex PDE4A, UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 5141, 54657, 54659, CG14940, CG4772, CG4772, PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, Riacon NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Ribavirin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Riboflavin GSR, 2936, CG2151, Rifabutin CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, 5424, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, POLD1, CDC2, 983, CG5949, CG8203, rifamycins GPR177, 79971, CG6210, Rifocin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, rimonabant CNR1, 1268, CG12796, risedronic acid DDOST, 1650, CG9022, risperidone LPAR3, CYP3A4, 23566, 1576, CG12796, CG2060, Ristocetin ACTR2, 10097, CG9901, Ritonavir SLC2A4, NFKB1, CYP3A7, 6517, 4790, 1551, 1576, CG1086, CG11992, CG2060, CYP3A4, CD36, 948, CG2060, CG7422, rituximab NFKB1, DNAH5, 4790, 1767, CG11992, CG17150, Ro 13-8996 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Ro 23-7553 CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Ro 23-7637 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Ro 24-7429 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Ro 31-6233 SLC2A4, 6517, CG1086, Ro 31-7549 LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, Ro 31-8220 NFKB1, MAPK15, FGFR4, 4790, 225689, 2264, CG11992, CG2309, CG7223, RO4383596 FGFR1, FGFR2, 2260, 2263, CG7223, CG7223, Robitet PHB, UGT1A1, UGT1A6, 5245, 54658, 54578, CG10691, CG4772, CG4772, DPAGT1, PSMD9, 1798, 5715, CG5287, CG9588, rofecoxib NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, roflumilast PDE4A, PDE4B, CYP3A4, 5141, 5142, 1576, CG14940, CG14940, CG2060, rokitamycin DPAGT1, 1798, CG5287, Rolipram NFKB1, PDE4B, PDE4C, 4790, 5142, 5143, 5141, CG11992, CG14940, CG14940, PDE4A, ADORA2A, 135, CG14940, CG9753, romidepsin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rooperol CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, ropivacaine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, roscovitine CDK9, UBE2L3, CCNA2, 1025, 7332, 890, 5424, CG5179, CG5788, CG5940, POLD1, CDK5, CDC2, CDK2, 1020, 983, 1017, CG5949, CG8203, CG8203, PSMD9, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, rosiglitazone SLC2A4, CYP3A4, CD36, 6517, 1576, 948, 2182, CG1086, CG2060, CG7422, ACSL4, CG8732, rosmarinic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rosuvastatin CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Roxithromycin NFKB1, CYP3A4, 4790, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, Rozevin GPR177, CDC2, 79971, 983, CG6210, CG8203, RPR 121056 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, RU 58668 NFKB1, PSMD9, 4790, 5715, CG11992, CG9588, ruboxistaurin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, rugosin E NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, rutecarpine CYP3A4, TRPV1, 1576, 7442, CG2060, CG5842, Rutin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, S-(beta-p- CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, methoxypropiophenone)thiamine S-Nitroso-N- NFKB1, SERPINB3, 4790, 6317, CG11992, CG8137, CG9453, Acetylpenicillamine CG9460, S-Nitrosothiols NFKB1, LPAR2, 4790, 9170, CG11992, CG12796, S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, sabarubicin GPR177, 79971, CG6210, sabcomeline FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Safingol TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Safrole GSTT1, 2952, CG30005, SAGA SMARCA1, 6594, CG8625, SAHA NFKB1, HDAC3, KPNA2, 4790, 8841, 3838, 5424, CG11992, CG2128, CG4799, POLD1, AURKB, AURKA, 9212, 6790, 983, CG5949, CG6620, CDC2, CG6620, CG8203, saikosaponin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Salicin LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, salvin CCNA2, PSMD9, 890, 5715, CG5940, CG9588, samarium DCP1B, EXOSC1, SNRPG, 196513, 51013, 6637, CG11183, CG6249, CG9742, SAMe ELP3, 55140, CG15433, sanguinarine NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, sapogenins UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772, Saquinavir CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP3A7, 1577, 1576, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Sarasar CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Sarna NFKB1, CYP3A4, TRPA1, 4790, 1576, 8989, 7442, CG11992, CG2060, CG5751, TRPV1, TRPV4, 59341, CG5842, CG5842, sauchinone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, saxatilin PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, SB 218078 POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, SB 225002 LPAR2, 9170, CG12796, SB 415286 ACTR2, 10097, CG9901, SB-705498 TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, scandium CELSR1, ME2, HNRNPH3, 9620, 4200, 3189, CG11895, CG5889, CG6946, SCH 66712 CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, schizandrer A NPFFR2, 10886, CG10823, scoparone PSIP1, 11168, CG7946, Scopoletin UGT1A3, 54659, CG4772, Score SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, SDX 308 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Selegiline KHDRBS1, 10657, CG3613, CG5821, seocalcitol PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Sep-Pak ECD, 11319, CG5714, Serad CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, sertindole CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, sevoflurane NFKB1, TRPV1, 4790, 7442, CG11992, CG5842, SEW2871 S1PR1, 1901, CG12796, shikonin NFKB1, FGFR4, 4790, 2264, CG11992, CG7223, siderophore VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Sildenafil PLXNA3, PDE4A, CYP3A5, 55558, 5141, 1577, CG11081, CG14940, CG2060, CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, silvestrol POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, silybin NFKB1, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, 4790, 1576, 54658, CG11992, CG2060, CG4772, UBE2L3, CCNB1, CDK2, 7332, 891, 1017, 5715, CG5788, CG5940, PSMD9, CG8203, CG9588, Sincalide CCKAR, 886, CG6881, Sizofiran TAOK2, 9344, CG14217, SK-7041 CCNB1, 891, CG5940, SK&F 106528 SFRS1, 6426, CG6987, SM 7368 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Sodium pentosan poly sulfate SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Sodium Salicylate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, sorafenib NFKB1, CYP3A4, CCNA2, 4790, 1576, 890, 891, CG11992, CG2060, CG5940, CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, 5048, 5715, CG5940, CG5949, PAFAH1B1, PSMD9, CG8203, CG8440, CG988, sorbinil NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Sorbo NFKB1, SORD, 4790, 6652, CG11992, CG1982, Sorbose SLC2A1, 6513, CG1086, spiroglumide CCKBR, 887, CG6881, Spironolactone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, squamocin CDC2, PSMD9, 983, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, SR 144528 CNR1, CNR2, 1268, 1269, CG12796, CG12796, SR 27897 CCKAR, 886, CG6881, SR 48692 SERPINB1, 1992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, SR 80327A SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, SR 90107A-ORG 31540 SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, ST 638 FGFR4, 2264, CG7223, stallimycin UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, Stanozolol SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, staurosporine SLC2A4, NFKB1, LPAR3, 6517, 4790, 23566, CG1086, CG11992, CG12796, CYP3A4, TXNRD2, CCNB1, 1576, 10587, 891, 5424, CG2060, CG2151, POLD1, AURKA, FYN, 6790, 2534, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG6620, CDC2, CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, 10097, CG7873, CG8203, ACTR2, CG8203, CG9588, CG9901, Stearin CD36, 948, CG7422, Stereoisomerism CDK2, 1017, CG8203, Steviol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Stevioside NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, STIL OPN4, SERPINC1, 94233, 462, CG4550, CG8137, stilbene-disulphonate VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Stilbenes CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Stim SLC2A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, 6517, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG1086, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CCNB1, 1551, 891, 5424, CG2060, CG2060, CG5940, POLD1, CDC2, ADORA1, 983, 134, 135, CG5949, CG8203, ADORA2A, CG9753, CG9753, Streptomycin VDAC1, 7416, CG17137, Styrene PLXNB1, GSTT1, SERPINC1, 5364, 2952, 462, CG11081, CG30005, CG8137, styrene-methylmethacrylate POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, copolymer SU 5416 PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, SU 6668 FGFR1, 2260, CG7223, SU 9516 TYMS, CCNB1, CDC2, CDK2, 7298, 891, 983, 1017, CG3181, CG5940, CG8203, CG8203, suberate NPR1, 4881, CG31183, suberosin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, succinic semialdehyde CCKBR, 887, CG6881, Sufentanil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Suldox DHPS, 1725, CG8005, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine DHPS, 1725, CG8005, Sulfamethazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Sulfaphenazole CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, Sulfasalazine NFKB1, SLC46A1, 4790, 113235, CG11992, CG8008, sulfate cellufine LMAN1, 3998, CG6822, sulfate-sulfate CYP3A7, 1551, CG2060, sulfidonitrogen(.) CYP3A4, DLL1, FGFR3, 1576, 28514, 2261, CG2060, CG3619, CG7223, CAPN3, 825, CG8107, Sulfinpyrazone CYP3A4, UGT1A9, UGT1A7, 1576, 54600, 54577, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, UGT1A1, CLTB, 54658, 1212, CG4772, CG6948, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate CD36, 948, CG7422, sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate CD36, 948, CG7422, sulfogalactosylglycerolipid KHDRBS1, 10657, CG3613, CG5821, sulfones TYMS, 7298, CG3181, sulfonic acid SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, sulfonyl-phenyl-ethyl CNR2, 1269, CG12796, Sulforafan NFKB1, CYP3A4, TXNRD1, 4790, 1576, 7296, 54658, CG11992, CG2060, CG2151, UGT1A1, CCNB1, 891, CG4772, CG5940, Sulindac NFKB1, FMO3, 4790, 2328, CG11992, CG3006, sulindac sulfone NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, sultopride CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, sunitinib CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Synthos CADPS, CSNK2B, 8618, 1460, CG18026, CG8914, T 0070907 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, T 0901317 CYP3A4, CD36, PSMD9, 1576, 948, 5715, CG2060, CG7422, CG9588, Tacrine CDK9, 1025, CG5179, Tacrolimus NFKB1, FOXP3, CYP3A5, 4790, 50943, 1577, CG11992, CG16899, CG2060, CYP3A4, UGT2B7, CD36, 1576, 7364, 948, CG2060, CG4772, CG7422, tadalafil CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Tamogel CYP3A4, UBE2L3, PSMD9, 1576, 7332, 5715, CG2060, CG5788, CG9588, Tamoxifen NFKB1, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4790, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A4, TXNRD1, UGT1A4, 7296, 54657, 54659, CG2060, CG2151, UGT1A3, UBE2L3, 7332, 55503, CG4772, CG4772, CG5788, TRPV6, CCNA2, CCNB1, 890, 891, 5424, 2264, CG5842, CG5940, CG5940, POLD1, FGFR4, CD36, 948, 11168, 462, 6317, CG5949, CG7223, PSIP1, SERPINC1, 1017, 983, 5715, CG7422, CG7946, CG8137, SER- CG8137, CG9453, PINB3, CDK2, CDC2, PSMD9, CG9460, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, tandospirone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Tangeretin CYP3A4, PSMD9, 1576, 5715, CG2060, CG9588, tanshinone NFKB1, CYP3A4, 4790, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, taurocholic acid FGFR4, 2264, CG7223, Taurodeoxycholic Acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, tauroursodeoxycholic acid UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, tautomycetin NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, TAXOTERE NFKB1, TAOK2, CYP4F3, 4790, 9344, 4051, 1577, CG11992, CG14217, CG2060, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CCNB1, 1576, 891, 5424, CG2060, CG2060, POLD1, SERPINB3, 6317, 983, 5048, 5715, CG5940, CG5949, CG8137, CDC2, PAFAH1B1, PSMD9, CG9453, CG9460, CG8203, CG8440, CG9588, TBDZ CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP4F3, 1577, 1576, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, TBHQ UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, 54657, 54578, 54600, CG4772, CG4772, CG4772, UGT2B7, UGT1A3, 7364, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, TCAT ZNF24, 7572, CG31364, CG6930, technetium ONECUT2, 9480, CG1922, Tegafur TAOK2, 9344, CG14217, Teleocidin PSMD12, 5718, CG1100, telithromycin CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Temazepam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, temozolomide TXNRD2, TXNRD1, POLD1, 10587, 7296, 5424, CG2151, CG2151, CG5949, CDC2, 983, CG8203, temsirolimus CYP3A4, PSMD9, 1576, 5715, CG2060, CG9588, terbinafine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CCNA2, 4051, 1577, 890, CG2060, CG2060, CG5940, terephthalic acid HDHD1A, 8226, CG5565, Terfenadine CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, teriflunomide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, terrein CCNB1, POLD1, CDC2, 891, 5424, 983, CG5940, CG5949, CG8203, territrem A CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, territrem B CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060, territrem C CYP3A5, 1577, CG2060, tertiapin FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon ELP3, 55140, CG15433, tetrachloroethene CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Tetrahydrocannabinol CNR2, CNR1, UBE2L3, 1269, 1268, 7332, 51393, CG12796, CG12796, CG5788, TRPV2, CCNA2, ANK1, 890, 286, CG5842, CG5940, CG7462, tetramethylrhodamine ACTR2, 10097, CG9901, tetramethylsilane CELSR1, ME2, 9620, 4200, CG11895, CG5889, tetraphene CYP3A5, CYP3A7, 1577, 1551, CG2060, CG2060, Tetraprenol TBXAS1, TYMS, 6916, 7298, CG2060, CG3181, tetrasulfanide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Thalidomide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Thapsigargin LYZ, NFKB1, PDE1A, CDK2, 4069, 4790, 5136, 1017, CG1180, CG11992, CG14940, CG8203, thiamine disulfide NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, thiazole TRPV1, 7442, CG5842, Thiazolidinediones NFKB1, CYP3A4, TFAM, 4790, 1576, 7019, 5715, CG11992, CG2060, CG4217, PSMD9, CG9588, thioacetamide ADORA2A, 135, CG9753, Thioacetazone FMO3, FMO1, 2328, 2326, CG3006, CG3006, thiobenzamide FMO1, 2326, CG3006, thiocoraline CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Thiole NFKB1, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4790, 4051, 1577, CG11992, CG2060, CG2060, Thiopental PLXNB1, NFKB1, 5364, 4790, CG11081, CG11992, thioredoxin dithiol NFKB1, TXNRD1, PDHX, 4790, 7296, 8050, CG11992, CG2151, CG5261, thioridazine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Thiostrepton RPL11, 6135, CG7726, thrombin receptor peptide TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 7296, 10587, CG2151, CG2151, SFLLRNP thrombin Tokushima SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Thromboxane A2 LPAR2, TAOK2, HADHB, 9170, 9344, 3032, 2261, CG12796, CG14217, CG4581, FGFR3, CG7223, thromboxane B2 TAOK2, SERPINC1, 9344, 462, CG14217, CG8137, Thyminose DLD, 1738, CG7430, thymol TRPV3, 162514, CG5842, thymoquinone UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, Thyrotropin LPAR2, TXNRD2, TXNRD1, 9170, 10587, 7296, CG12796, CG2151, CG2151, ERP29, 10961, CG7225, Ticlopidine CYP3A4, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1576, 4051, 1577, 462, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, SERPINC1, CG8137, Tilidine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, tipranavir CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, tirilazad CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, titanium alloy (TiAI6V4) ELAVL2, 1993, CG4396, TMC-95A SLC5A7, 60482, CG7708, Tmndga POLD1, CDC2, 5424, 983, CG5949, CG8203, TMSI TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Tobrex SMN1, 6606, CG16725, tocotrienols CYP4F2, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, 8529, 1576, 54658, CG2060, CG2060, CG4772, tofisopam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, tolrestat NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Tolterodine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, toluene PLXNB1, CELSR1, STX8, 5364, 9620, 9482, 4200, CG11081, CG11895, CG4109, ME2, CG5889, TOLUENE-DITHIOL ME3, 10873, CG5889, topiramate CYP3A4, UGT2B7, 1576, 7364, CG2060, CG4772, Topotecan CYP3A4, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, 1576, 7296, 10587, CG2060, CG2151, CG2151, Toremifene ECD, SERPINC1, 11319, 462, CG5714, CG8137, Tosylarginine Methyl Ester SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone SMAD7, 4092, CG5201, Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Ketone TPN+ UGT1A4, UGT1A3, 54657, 54659, CG4772, CG4772, Tracer GSTO2, 119391, CG6673, Tramadol NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, trans-resveratrol NFKB1, SMN1, CYP3A5, 4790, 6606, 1577, 4051, CG11992, CG16725, CG2060, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, CDC2, 1576, 983, 5715, CG2060, CG2060, PSMD9, CG8203, CG9588, trastuzumab LARP6, ECD, CCNA2, CDK2, 55323, 11319, 890, CG17386, CG5714, CG5940, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG8203, CG9588, Trazodone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Tremode CYP3A4, CYP3A5, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Tremorine PLXNA2, 5362, CG11081, Tretinoin TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, Triad WDR92, PRDX6, 116143, 9588, CG14353, CG3083, Triamcinolone PLXNA2, 5362, CG11081, triazolam CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, triazoles CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, tributylstannane CYP3A5, CYP4F3, 1577, 4051, CG2060, CG2060, trichostatins CCNA2, 890, CG5940, Triclosan RCP9, 27297, CG4875, triethylamine TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, Trifluoperazine UGT1A4, 54657, CG4772, trimethylaminocarboxyldihydroboran NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, trioctyl phosphine oxide UBE2L3, 7332, CG5788, Triolein PQBP1, 10084, CG11820, tripterine NFKB1, PSMD9, 4790, 5715, CG11992, CG9588, triptolide NFKB1, CYP3A4, 4790, 1576, CG11992, CG2060, triterpenoids NFKB1, PDE4A, 4790, 5141, CG11992, CG14940, troglitazone SLC2A1, NFKB1, CYP3A5, 6513, 4790, 1577, 1551, CG1086, CG11992, CG2060, CYP3A7, CYP3A4, UGT1A6, 1576, 54578, 5424, CG2060, CG2060, POLD1, CD36, 948, 1738, 983, CG4772, CG5949, CG7422, DLD, CDC2, CDK2, PSMD9, 1017, 5715, CG7430, CG8203, CG8203, CG9588, Troleandomycin CYP3A7, CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 1551, 4051, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A4, CG2060, TTNPB UGT2B15, 7366, CG4772, tubocapsanolide A PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Tunicamycin SLC2A1, CCNA2, 6513, 890, CG1086, CG5940, tyrphostin AG 1478 S1PR3, GBF1, PSMD9, 1903, 8729, 5715, CG12796, CG8487, CG9588, tyrphostin AG-490 FOXP3, 50943, CG16899, tyrphostin AG17 CDK2, 1017, CG8203, U 0126 SLC2A5, NFKB1, SMN1, 6518, 4790, 6606, 4091, CG1086, CG11992, CG16725, SMAD6, CCNA2, AURKA, 890, 6790, 1017, CG5201, CG5940, CDK2, CG6620, CG8203, Ubizol CYP3A4, FGFR3, 1576, 2261, CG2060, CG7223, Ufur TYMS, 7298, CG3181, UK 157147 UGT1A1, 54658, CG4772, Uprima FGFR3, 2261, CG7223, Uran RBM5, 10181, CG4887, uranyl acetate NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, urethane ELAC1, 55520, CG3298, Urex UGT1A1, FGFR3, 54658, 2261, CG4772, CG7223, urinastatin SERPINC1, 462, CG8137, Urso CYP3A4, ME2, ME1, ME3, 1576, 4200, 4199, 10873, CG2060, CG5889, CG5889, CG5889, USAN NFKB1, GSR, UGT2B7, 4790, 2936, 7364, 6317, CG11992, CG2151, CG4772, SERPINB3, CDK2, 1017, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG8203, valerenic acid NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, valspodar CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, venlafaxine CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Verapamil CYP3A5, CYP3A4, ME1, 1577, 1576, 4199, 79971, CG2060, CG2060, CG5889, GPR177, FGFR3, DHPS, 2261, 1725, CG6210, CG7223, CG8005, verlukast GPR177, 79971, CG6210, vesnarinone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Viagra SMN1, 6606, CG16725, Vigil CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 1577, 1576, CG2060, CG2060, vincristine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, 4051, 1577, 1576, 891, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CCNB1, GPR177, 79971, CG5940, CG6210, vinflunine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, COX7A2L, 4051, 1577, 9167, CG2060, CG2060, CG9603, vinorelbine CYP4F3, CYP3A5, TYMS, 4051, 1577, 7298, CG2060, CG2060, CG3181, vinpocetine PDE1C, 5137, CG14940, violacein PSMD9, 5715, CG9588, Vira-A NFKB1, LPAR2, PDE4A, 4790, 9170, 5141, 50943, CG11992, CG12796, CG14940, FOXP3, DLL1, TRPV1, SFRS1, 28514, 7442, CG16899, CG3619, FGFR3, ADORA2A, 6426, 2261, 135, 134, CG5842, CG6987, CG7223, ADORA1, ACTR2, 10097, CG9753, CG9753, CG9901, voriconazole CYP3A4, FMO3, FMO1, 1576, 2328, 2326, CG2060, CG3006, CG3006, vorozole SERPINB1, 1992, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, VX680 AURKA, 6790, CG6620, Warfarin CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP3A4, 8529, 4051, 1576, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060, CYP3A5, SERPINC1, 462, CG2060, CG8137, WAY-169916 NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, Win 55212-2 SLC2A4, CNR2, CNR1, 6517, 1269, 1268, CG1086, CG12796, CG12796, withaferin A NFKB1, 4790, CG11992, WLN: QR BG C9orf5, 23731, CG2698, WLN: RVR EXOSC1, 51013, CG6249, WLN: ZSWR CCNA2, 890, CG5940, xanthohumol CYP3A4, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, 1576, 54659, 54657, CG2060, CG4772, CG4772, Xaxa NFKB1, UGT1A6, CDK9, 4790, 54578, 1025, CG11992, CG4772, CG5179, FGFR3, CD36, SERPINC1, 2261, 948, 462, CG7223, CG7422, CG8137, Xylit TXNRD1, 7296, CG2151, Y 27632 SMN1, 6606, CG16725, yristate NFKB1, CD226, RPL10, 4790, 10666, 6134, CG11992, CG13162, CG17521, TXNRD1, SLC25A21, SAG, 7296, 89874, 6295, CG2151, CG5254, ECD, UBE2L3, TRPV4, 11319, 7332, 59341, CG5711, CG5714, CG5788, CCNA2, HNRNPH3, 890, 3189, 2260, 948, CG5842, CG5940, FGFR1, CD36, FGR, MAPK8IP3, 2268, 23162, 5273, CG6946, CG7223, CG7422, SERPINB10, CDK2, 1017, 6594, 135, CG7873, CG8110, SMARCA1, ADORA2A, CG8137, CG9453, CG9460, CG8203, CG8625, CG9753, Z 338 UGT1A9, UGT1A1, 54600, 54658, CG4772, CG4772, zafirlukast CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Zalcitabine TFAM, 7019, CG4217, zardaverine PDE4A, 5141, CG14940, ZD 9331 TYMS, 7298, CG3181, Zearalenone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Zeldox CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, zerumbone POLD1, CD36, CDC2, 5424, 948, 983, CG5949, CG7422, CG8203, Zidovudine UGT2B7, UGT1A9, GPR177, 7364, 54600, 79971, CG4772, CG4772, CG6210, FGFR4, 2264, CG7223, zileuton CYP4F3, CYP3A5, 4051, 1577, CG2060, CG2060, Zocor NFKB1, S1PR3, CYP3A 4790, 1903, 1577, 1576, CG11992, CG12796, CG2060, CYP3A4, CD36, FYN, 948, 2534, 462, CG2060, CG7422, SER- 1017, 5715, CG7873, CG8137, CG8203, PINC1, CDK2, PSMD9, CG9588, zopiclone CYP3A4, 1576, CG2060, Zymosan RFC1, NAP1L1, FGR, NDUFAB1, 5981, 4673, 2268, 4706, CG1119, CG5330, CG7873, CG9160, Trospium chloride CYP3A4 1576 CG2060, Valproic Acid PLXNB1, CYP3A4, SMN2, 5364, 1576, 6607, 4790, CG11081, CG2060, CG16725, NFKB1, TYMS, SMN1, 7298, 6606, 6517, CG11992, CG3181, SLC2A4, SLC2A1, GSR, 6513, 2936, 1576, CG16725, CG1086, CG1086, CYP3A4, CYP3A4, CYP3A4, 1576, 1576, 1580 CG2151, CG2060, CYP4B1, CG2060, CG2060, CG2060,

The inventive pharmaceutical compounds suitable for the treatment of pain are also known by the following synonyms, trade names and CAS designations:

-   (1S,2S)-2-(2-(N-((3-benzimidazol-2-yl)propyl)-N-methylamino)ethyl)-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl     cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride,     (1S,2S)-2-(2-(N-((3-benzimidazol-2-yl)propyl)-N-methylamino)ethyl)-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl     cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride, NNC 55-0396;     (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine, -   (5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine,     (5-(2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidine, KR-32570; -   (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, (6S)-5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDROFOLATE,     (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid,     (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroylglutamate; -   (T,G)-A-L, (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;     (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid; (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid;     (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, (2S)-2-aminoglutaric acid;     (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid;     (2S)-2-aminopropionic acid; -   (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, (L-Tyrosine-L-glutamic     acid)-poly(DL-alanine)-poly(L-lysine); -   1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol, 1 alpha-hydroxyergocalciferol,     1alpha(OH)₂D2, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2; -   1-(1-cyclohexylethylamino)-4-phenylphthalazine,     1-(1-cyclohexylethylamino)-4-phenylphthalazine, MKC 963, MKC-963; -   1-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-6-trifluoromethoxy-2,3-dihydropyrrolo(3,2-c)quinoline,     1-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-6-trifluoromethoxy-2,3-dihydropyrrolo(3,2-c)quinoline,     1-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-6-trifluoromethoxy-2,3-dihydropyrrolo(3,2-c)quinoline,     KR 60436; -   1-(2,3-dichlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-(2-(mopholin-4-yl)ethyl)-1H-indole,     1-(2,3-dichlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-(2-(mopholin-4-yl)ethyl)-1H-indole,     GW405833; -   1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-4-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-pyridinyl)methyl)piperazine,     1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-4-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-pyridinyl)methyl)piperazine,     SLV 313, SLV-313; -   1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione,     1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione,     U 73122, U-73,122; -   1-adamantyl propargyl ether, 1-adamantyl propargyl ether, 1APE; -   1-aminobenzotriazole, 1-aminobenzotriazole; -   1-aminooxy-3-aminopropane, 1-aminooxy-3-aminopropane; -   1-hydrazino-4-(3,5-dimethyl)-1-pyrazolyl-5H-pyridazino(4,5-b)indole,     1-hydrazino-4-(3,5-dimethyl)-1-pyrazolyl-5H-pyridazino(4,5-b)indole; -   1-hydroxymethylmidazolam, 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam; 1-hydroxypyrene,     1-hydroxypyrene, 1-pyrenol; -   1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridine, 1 Methyl 4     phenylpyridinium, 1 Methyl 4 phenylpyridinium Chloride; -   1-Nitropyren-8-ol, 1-Nitro-8-hydroxypyrene, 1-Nitropyren-8-ol, -   1-Nitropyrene-8-ol; -   1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphates,     1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-myo-inositol-3′-phosphate),     1-O-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-1D-myo-inositol 3-(dihydrogen phosphate),     1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate; -   1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-SOPC,     1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl lecithin,     1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-3-glycerophosphocholine; -   1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(4-t-butylphenyl)methane,     1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(4-t-butylphenyl)methane,     1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-t-butylphenyl)methane, DIM-C-pPhtBu; -   1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC,     1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC, JWH-133, JWH1333; -   1,1,1-trichloro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane,     1,1,1-trichloro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane,     mono-OH-M; -   1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane,     bis(diphenylphosphine)ethane, C(CP(c1ccccc1)c2 ccccc2)P(c3 ccccc3)c4     ccccc4; -   1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione,     1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione; -   1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines, (3-sn-phosphatidyl)choline,     1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,     1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines; -   1,2-ethanedithiol, 1,2-ethanedithiol, 2-mercaptoethanol disul-fide,     BisEDT; -   1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine, 1,2-dioleoyl glycerophosphocholine,     1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-ethylphosphocholine,     1,2-dioleoylglycerophosphocholine; -   1,2,4-triazines, 1,2,4-triazines; -   1,25-dihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol,     1,25-dihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol,     1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol,     Ro 438-2582; -   1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2,     1,25-(OH)₂D2, 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol; -   1,25D3,     (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol,     (1R,3S)-5-{2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-((R)-5-Hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-7a-methyl-octahydro-inden-4-ylidene]-ethylidene}-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-[(1R)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol; -   1,3-Dcg, (2-hydroxy-3-octanoyloxy-propyl)octanoate,     (2-hydroxy-3-octanoyloxypropyl)octanoate, 1,3-Dcg; -   1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole,     1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole,     1,3-DTCTI, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-; -   1,3-dipropyl-8-(3-noradamantyl)xanthine,     1,3-dipropyl-8-(3-noradamantyl)xanthine; -   1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 3,5-dimethyltoluene,     Cc1cc(C)cc(C)c1; -   1,7-dioxa-2,6-diaza-4,4-dioxide-4,7a-dithia-3H,5H-benzo(cd)pentalene,     1,7-dioxa-2,6-diaza-4,4-dioxide-4,7a-dithia-3H,5H-benzo(cd)pentalene,     HEP-IV; -   10-deoxymethynolide, 10-deoxymethynolide; -   10-propargyl-10-deazaminopterin, 10-propargyl-10-deazaminopterin,     pralatrexate; -   10-undecynoic acid, 10-undecynoic acid; -   10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone,     10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone, XE 991,     anthracenone, XE-991; -   11-cis-retinal,     (2E,4Z,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenal,     11-cis-retinal, 11-cis-Retinene; -   11-hydroxycannabinol, 11-hydroxycannabinol; -   12-Hht, (5E,8E,10E)-12-hydroxyheptadeca-5,8,10-trienoic acid,     12-Hht, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid; -   13-Lox, (9E,11E)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, 13-Hodd,     13-Hode; -   13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid, 13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid; -   15 hete, (15S)-15-Hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-eicosatetraenoate,     (15S)-15-Hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate,     (15S,5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; -   15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid,     (15S)-Hydroxy-11 alpha, 9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5Z,13E-dienoic     Acid, (15S)hydroxy-9alpha, 11alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic     acid, 11 alpha,9 alpha-Epoxymethano PGH2; -   17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin,     17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin,     17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17-AAG; -   17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 17-Ethinyl-3,17-estradiol,     17-Ethinyl-3,17-oestradiol, 17-Ethinylestradiol; -   1843U89, 1843U, 1843U89, 2-(5-(((1,2-dihydro-3-methyl-1-oxobenzo(f)     quinazolin-9-yl)methyl)amino)-1-oxo-2-isoindolinyl)glutaric acid; -   1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, 1D-myo-inositol     1,3,4,5-tetrakis(dihydrogen phosphate), 1D-myo-inositol     1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate; -   1H-indole, 1H-indole, 2,3-Benzopyrrole, c1ccc2[nH]ccc2c1; -   1H-pyrazole, 1,2-Diazole, 1H-Pyrazol, 1H-pyrazole; -   1H-pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridine; -   2 APB, ( )-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, ( )-AP-4, 2 APB; -   2-(1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-5-methoxyindol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)maleimide,     2-(1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-5-methoxyindol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)maleimide,     Gö6983; -   2-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-6-(2-phenylpyrazolo(1,5-a)pyridin-3-yl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone,     2-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-6-(2-phenylpyrazolo(1,5-a)pyridin-3-yl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone,     FR194921; -   2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone,     2-(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, CPD 5,     CPD-5; -   2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile,     1-isopropyl-1-N-methylpropylamino-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acetonitrile,     2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile,     2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile     hydrochloride; -   2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole,     2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole, 2-NMPh-FBzT,     5F-203; -   2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine,     2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine, reversine; -   2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, LY 294002,     LY-294002; -   2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 2,6-TNS,     2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid,     2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, monopotassium salt; -   2-(cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazino)adenosine,     2-(cyclohexylmethylidenehydrazino)adenosine, Binodenoson, WRC 0470; -   2-AAF, 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene, 2-AAF, 2-Acetamidofluorene; -   2-acetylthiomethyl-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)propionic acid,     2-acetylthiomethyl-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)propionic acid, esonarimod, KE     298; -   2-AG, (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-Eicosatetraenoic acid,     2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester,     (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid     (2-hydroxy-1-methylol-ethyl)ester,     (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid     [2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]ester; -   2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine,     2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; -   2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline,     2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline; -   2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, 2-APB     compound, 2APB; -   2-AP, 2-AP, 4H-1,3-Thiazin-2-amine, 5,6-dihydro-, monohydrobromide,     5,6-Dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-amine hydrobromide; -   2-CADO,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-2-chloro-9-purinyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-2-chloro-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-2-chloro-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol; -   2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide, GW9662; -   2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hepten-6-ynamide,     2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hepten-6-ynamide,     2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hepten-6-ynoic     acid, FK 778; 2-cyanomethylthiopyridine-4-carbonitrile,     2-(cyanomethylsulfanyl)pyridine-4-carbonitrile,     2-(cyanomethylthio)isonicotinonitrile,     2-(cyanomethylthio)pyridine-4-carbonitrile; -   2-cyclopentyl-5-(5-isoquinolylsulfonyl)-6-nitro-1H-benzo(D)imidazole,     2-cyclopentyl-5-(5-isoquinolylsulfonyl)-6-nitro-1H-benzo(D)imidazole,     compound-1; -   2-DG, (2S,4R,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,4,5-triol,     (2S,4R,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2,4,5-triol,     (2S,4R,5S,6R)-6-methyloltetrahydropyran-2,4,5-triol; -   2-hydroxy-4-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)benzoic acid,     2-hydroxy-4-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)benzoic acid, UR 1505,     UR-1505; -   2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine,     2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; -   2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo(4,5-f)quinoline,     2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazolo(4,5-f)quinoline; -   2-ME, (17beta)-2-Methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol,     (8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-2-methoxy-13-methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol,     1,3,5(10)-ESTRATRIEN-2,3,17-BETA-TRIOL 2-METHYL ETHER; -   2-methoxyacetic acid     [2-[2-[3-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl-methyl-amino]ethyl]-6-fluoro-1-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl]ester,     2-methoxyacetic acid     [2-[2-[3-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl-methyl-amino]ethyl]-6-fluoro-1-isopropyl-tetralin-2-yl]ester,     d020748, mibefradil; -   2-methyl-1-((4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl)sulfonyl)homopiperazine,     2-methyl-1-((4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl)sulfonyl)homopiperazine,     dimethylfasudil, H 1152; -   2-N-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine,     2-N-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine,     2-N-4-(1-azi-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzoyl-1,3-bis(D-mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine,     ATB-BMPA; -   2-Naftol, .beta.-Hydroxynaphthalene, .beta.-Monoxynaphthalene,     .beta.-Naftol; -   2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, 2-oxo-4-thiazolidine carboxylic     acid, 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate,     2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; -   2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline, 2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline; -   2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane,     1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethanediol; -   2,2′-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine,     1-(N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate,     2,2′-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine, DETA NONOate; -   2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile),     2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethyl)valeronitrile,     2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), ABDVN-2,2′; -   2,2′-bipyridine, 2,2′-Bipyridin, 2,2′-bipyridine, 2,2′-bipyridyl; -   2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 1,1′-Biphenyl,     2,2′,4,4′-tetrachloro-, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachloro-1,1′-biphenyl,     2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl; -   2,3-bis(3′-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol, 2,3-BHBBD,     2,3-bis(3′-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol,     2,3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol; -   2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide, 2,3-DHPA,     2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide; -   2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate,     2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate; -   2,4-diaminoquinazoline, 2,4-diaminoquinazoline; -   2,4-thiazolidinedione, 2,4-thiazolidinedione, thiazolidinedione; -   21-hydroxy-9beta,10alpha-pregna-5,7-diene-3-ol-20-one,     21-hydroxy-9beta, 10alpha-pregna-5,7-diene-3-ol-20-one; -   25-desacetylrifabutin, 25-desacetylrifabutin, LM 565, LM-565;     25-Hydroxycholesterol, (3BETA)-CHOLEST-5-ENE-3,25-DIOL,     (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol,     (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol; -   25(OH)D3,     (1S,3Z)-3-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-[(1R)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexan-1-ol,     (1S,3Z)-3-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-[(1R)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-1-cyclohexanol,     (1S,3Z)-3-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-heptan-2-yl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol; -   3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine,     3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine,     CPMPP-3, L 745,870; -   3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol,     3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol,     CP 55940, CP 56667; -   3-(2h)-pyridazinone, 2H-pyridazin-3-one, 3(2H)-Pyridazinone,     3(2H)-Pyridazinone; -   3-(cyclopentyloxy)-N-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)-4-methoxybenzamide,     3-(cyclopentyloxy)-N-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)-4-methoxybenzamide,     3-cyclopentyloxy-N-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)-4-methoxybenzamide,     CPODPMB; -   3-aminopyrazole, 3-aminopyrazole, 3-APzl; -   3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one,     3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one,     3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride, U     18,666A; -   3-BHA, 2(3)-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole,     2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-4-methoxy-phenol, 2-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole; -   3-hydroxybutanal, 3-hydroxybutanal, 3-hydroxybutyraldehyde,     acetaldol; -   3-hydroxyflunitrazepam, 3-hydroxyflunitrazepam; -   3-Hydroxyquinine,     (3S,4R,6R)-6-[(S)-hydroxy-(6-methoxy-4-quinolyl)methyl]-3-vinyl-3-quinuclidinol,     (3S,4R,6R)-6-[(S)-hydroxy-(6-methoxy-4-quinolyl)methyl]-3-vinyl-quinuclidin-3-ol,     (4R,5S,7R)-5-ethenyl-7-[(S)-hydroxy-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)methyl]-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-5-ol; -   3-isobutyl-1-methyl-Xanthine, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-Xanthine;     3-keto-desogestrel,     13-ethyl-17-hydroxy-11-methylene-18,19-dinor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one,     3-keto-desogestrel, 3-ketodesogestrel; -   3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene; -   3-Methoxymorphinan, 3-Methoxymorphinan, Morphinan, 3-methoxy-; -   3-Methoxyoestradiol, (17-beta)-3-Methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-ol,     (17S)-3-methoxy-13-methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-ol,     17-beta-Estradiol 3-methyl ether; -   3-methylcholanthrene, 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz(j)aceanthrylene,     20-MC, 20-Methylcholanthrene; -   3-MI, .beta.-Methylindole, 1H-Indole, 3-methyl-, 3-methyl-1H-indole; -   3,3′,4,5′-tetrahydroxystilbene, 3′-hydroxyresveratol,     3,3′,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene, 3,3′,4,5′-tetrahydroxy stilbene; -   3,4-DCI, 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one, 3,4-dichloro-, 3,4-DCI, 3,4-Dcl; -   3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime,     trimidox, VF 233; -   4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol,     4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol, abn-cbd, abnormal     cannabidiol; -   4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone,     4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone, Ro 1724, Ro 20 1724; -   4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol,     4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol,     hydroxyhaloperidol, reduced haloperidol; -   4-(4-(N-benzoylamino)anilino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(1-morpholino)propoxy)quinazoline,     4-(4-(N-benzoylamino)anilino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(1-morpholino)propoxy)quinazoline,     ZM 447439, ZM-447439; -   4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole,     4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole, SB     202190, SB-202190; -   4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide,     4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide,     SB 431542, SB-431542; -   4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine,     4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine, S 15535, S-15535; -   4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone,     4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; -   4-AP, .gamma.-Aminopyridine, 4-Aminopyridine, 4-Aminopyridine 10; -   4-azidosalicylic acid, 4-AzHBA, 4-azido-2-hydroxybenzoic acid,     4-azidosalicylic acid; -   4-dimethylamino-3′,4′-dimethoxychalcone,     4-dimethylamino-3′,4′-dimethoxychalcone, CH 11; -   4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-N-demethyltamoxifen,     4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen,     (Z)-isomer; -   4-hydroxyacetophenone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone,     4-hydroxyacetophenone, p-hydroxyacetophenone; -   4-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin; -   4-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta, 4-hydroxyestradiol,     4-hydroxyestradiol-17 alpha, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta; -   4-hydroxynon-2-enal, 4-Hydroxy-2,3-nonenal, 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal,     4-hydroxynon-2-enal; -   4-hydroxytriazolam, 4-hydroxytriazolam; -   4-methyl-N-(3-(4-methylimidazol-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-((4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)benzamide,     4-methyl-N-(3-(4-methylimidazol-1-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-((4-pyridin-3-ylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)benzamide,     AMN107, nilotinib; -   4-phenylbutyric acid, 4-phenylbutyrate, 4-phenylbutyric acid,     4-phenylbutyric acid, calcium salt; -   4-S-cysteaminylphenol, 4-S-cysteaminylphenol; -   4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether, 4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether,     4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether, sodium salt, SPME; -   4,4′-DDE, 1,1′-(2,2-dichloroethene-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene),     1,1′-(Dichloroethenylidene)bis(4-chlorobenzene),     1,1′-(Dichloroethenylidene)bis[4-chlorobenzene]; -   4,4′-dipyridyl disulfide, 4,4′-dipyridine disulfide, 4,4′-dipyridyl     disulfide, 4,4′-dithiodipyridine; -   4,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxyfuro(2,3-b)quinoline,     4,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxyfuro(2,3-b)quinoline, haplopine; -   4′-epidoxorubicin,     (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl     3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside,     4′-Epiadriamycin, 4′-epidoxorubicin; -   4′-N-benzoylstaurosporine, 4′-N-benzoyl staurosporine,     4′-N-benzoylstaurosporine, benzoylstaurosporine; -   4(2′-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline,     4(2′-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline,     BMS-345541, BMS345541; -   4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanone, 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanone; -   4alphaPDD, 4-.alpha.-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, 4-.alpha.-Phorbol     didecanoate, 4-alpha-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate; -   5-((1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-propanoic     acid,     5-((1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-propanoic     acid, TSU 68, TSU-68; -   5-(4′-(N-piperidinyl)phenylazo)indazole,     5-(4′-(N-piperidinyl)phenylazo)indazole; -   5-7-oxo-zeaenol, 5-7-oxo-zeaenol, 7-oxozeaenol; -   5-AC, 1,3,5-Triazin-2(1H)-one, 4-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-,     2-(beta-D-Ribofuranosyl)-4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2-one,     4-Amino-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one; -   5-acetylneuraminyl-(2-3)-galactosyl-(1-4)-(fucopyranosyl-(1-3))-N-acetylglucosamine,     5-acetylneuraminyl-(2-3)-galactosyl-(1-4)-(fucopyranosyl-(1-3))-N-acetylglucosamine; -   5-azido-1H-indole-3-acetic acid, 5-AIAA,     5-azido-(7-3H)-indol-3-ylacetic acid, 5-azido-1H-indole-3-acetic     acid; -   5-HT, 1H-Indol-5-ol, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-,     3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol, 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indol-5-ol; -   5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, 5-MeO-DIPT,     5-methoxy-N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)-1H-indole-3-ethanamine,     5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine; -   5-Mop, 4-methoxy-7-furo[3,2-g]chromenone, 4-Methoxy-7H-furo(3,2-g)     (1)benzopyran-7-one, 4-methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one; -   5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate,     5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate,     5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate     monohydrochloride, (L-Glu)-isomer; -   5,6-dimethylxanthenoneacetic acid, 5,6-dimethyl xanthenone acetic     acid, 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-4-acetic acid,     5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid; -   5′-O-(((2-decanoylamino-3-phenylpropyloxycarbonyl)amino)sulfonyl)uridine,     5′-O-(((2-decanoylamino-3-phenylpropyloxycarbonyl)amino)sulfonyl)uridine,     PP55; -   6 beta-hydroxycortisol, 6 beta-hydroxycortisol,     6beta-hydroxycortisol; -   6-Aminochrysene-1,2-dihydrodiol,     (1S,2S)-6-amino-1,2-dihydrochrysene-1,2-diol, 1,2-Chrysenediol,     1,2-dihydro-6-amino-trans-, 6-Aminochrysene-1,2-dihydrodiol; -   6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate, 6-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl nitrate; -   6-deoxy-6-bromoascorbic acid, 6-bromo-6-deoxy-ascorbic acid,     6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid, 6-bromo-6-deoxyascorbic acid; -   6-hydroxydexamethasone, 6-hydroxydexamethasone; -   6-Mercaptopurine, 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, 6 Mercaptopurine,     6 Mercaptopurine Monohydrate; -   6,6′-oxybis(2,2-dimethylhexanoic acid),     6,6′-oxybis(2,2-dimethylhexanoic acid), gemcabene, PD 72953; -   64Gd, 64Gd, gadolinio, gadolinium; -   7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(2-ethyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-b)pyridazine,     7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(2-ethyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-b)pyridazine,     TPA 023, TPA-023; -   7-benzylamino-6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidinopteridine,     7-benzylamino-6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidinopteridine; -   7-benzyloxyquinoline, 7-benzyloxyquinoline; -   7-CDL,     (2S,4R)—N-[2-chloro-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(methylthio)-2-tetrahydropyranyl]propy]-methyl-4-propyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide,     (2S,4R)—N-[2-chloro-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(methylthio)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]propyl]-1-methyl-4-propyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide,     (2S,4R)—N-[2-chloro-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methylsulfanyl-oxan-2-yl]propyl]-1-methyl-4-propyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide; -   7-hydroxystaurosporine, 7-hydroxy-staurosporine,     7-hydroxystaurosporine, UCN 01; -   7-ketocholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol; -   7,8-BF, .alpha.-Naphthoflavone, .alpha.-Naphthylflavone,     2-phenyl-4-benzo[h]chromenone; -   7,8-dihydroneopterin, 7,8-dihydro-neopterin, 7,8-dihydroneopterin; -   7′-Isothiocyanato-11-hydroxy-1′,1′-dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol,     7′-Isothiocyanato-11-hydroxy-1′,1′-dimethylheptylhexahydrocannabinol,     AM841; -   7C3MT,     (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2R,3R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-7-yl]chroman-4-one,     (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2R,3R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-3-methylol-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-7-yl]chroman-4-one,     (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[(2R,3R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-7-yl]-4-chromanone; -   7H-Pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine, 7H-Pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine; -   8-((4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio)-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic     mono-phosphate, 8-((4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio)-adenosine     3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate; -   8-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-10-methyl-3-((4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)amino)-2,4,10-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)deca-1,3,5,7-tetraen-9-one,     8-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-10-methyl-3-((4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)amino)-2,4,10-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)deca-1,3,5,7-tetraen-9-one,     PD0173952; -   8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine, 8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine;     8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid,     1-(phenylamino)-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid,     1-Anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate, 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic     acid; -   8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin,     8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin,     8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin Hydrobromide,     8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin Hydrobromide, (+−)-Isomer; -   8-Isoprostane,     (5Z,13E,15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxy-8beta-prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic     acid,     (Z)-7-[(1S,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic     acid, 8-Epi PGF-2alpha; -   8,10-bis((2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl)oxy)-11-methyl-1234-tetrahydro-6H-benzo(beta)quinolizin-6-one,     8,10-bis((2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl)oxy)-11-methyl-1234-tetrahydro-6H-benzo(beta)quinolizin-6-one,     Sch35966; -   9-(4′-aminophenyl)-9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole,     9-(4′-aminophenyl)-9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole, aminophenylnorharman,     APNH cpd; -   9-anthroic acid, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9-anthroic acid,     9-carboxyanthracene; -   9-CRA,     (2E,4E,6Z,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic     acid, 9 Cis Retinoic Acid, 9-cis-RA; -   9-hydroxy-risperidone,     3-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-3-(1,2-benzisoxazolyl))-1-piperidinyl)ethyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidin-4-one,     9-hydroxy-risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone; -   9,10-anthraquinone, 9,10-Anthracendion, 9,10-anthracenedione,     9,10-Anthrachinon; -   9H-xanthene, 10H-9-oxaanthracene, 9H-xanthene, C1c2 ccccc2Oc3     ccccc13; -   A 71915, A 71915; -   A-300-I,     (2E,4E,6R)-7-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-N-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-2,4-heptadienamide,     (2E,4E,6R)-7-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxo-hepta-2,4-dienehydroxamic     acid,     (2E,4E,6R)-7-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2,4-dienehydroxamic     acid; -   a-ADP,     (S)-1-C-(7-Amino-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidin-3-yl)-1,4-anhydro-D-ribitol,     5-(trihydrogen diphosphate), 5′-Adenylphosphoric acid, 5′-ADP; -   A73025, A73025; -   Abbott, 1,2,4-Triazolidine-3,5-dione, 1,2-bis(1-methylethyl)-,     1,2,4-Triazolidine-3,5-dione, 1,2-bis(1-methylethyl)-(9CI),     1,2,4-Triazolidine-3,5-dione, 1,2-diisopropyl-; abciximab,     abciximab, c7E3 Fab, CentoRx; -   Absele, (+)-Ethyl 1-(alpha-methylbenzyl)imidazole-5-carboxylate,     (+)-Etomidate, (d)-Etomidate; -   ABT-737, ABT-737; -   acetamide 45, acetamide 45, acetamide-45; -   Aceton, .beta.-Ketopropane, 2-Propanone, Aceton; -   acetonitrile, acetonitrile, CC#N, CH3-C#N; -   acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid, 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid,     acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid; -   acetylcholine, 2-acetyloxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium,     acetyl-choline, ACh; -   acetylvalerenolic acid, acetylvalerenolic acid; -   Aclarubicin, Aclacin, Aclacinomycin A, Aclaplastin; -   Acolen,     (4R)-4-[(5S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-3,7,12-trioxo-1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoic     acid,     (4R)-4-[(5S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3,7,12-triketo-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]valeric     acid, (5beta)-3,7,12-trioxocholan-24-oic acid; -   ACON,     (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol,     (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol,     (all-E)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraen-1-ol; -   ACT D, Err:508,     10,10′-[(2-Amino-4,6-dimethyl-3-oxo-3H-phenoxazine-1,9-Diyl)bis(carbonylimino)]bis-[dodecahydro-6,13-diisopropyl-2,5,9-trimethyl-1H-Pyrrolo-(2,     1-1)     (1,4,7,10,13)oxatetra-azacyclohexadecine]-1,4,7,11,14,1H-Pyrrolo(2,     1-1)-(1,4,7,10,13)oxatetraazacyclohexadecine; -   actinium, 89Ac, actinio, actinium; -   Actosin,     2-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrano[5,6-c]chromen-5-one,     2H,5H-Pyrano(3,2-c) (1)benzopyran-5-one,     3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenyl-,     2H,5H-Pyrano[3,2-c][1]benzopyran-5-one,     3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenyl-; -   adalimumab, Abbott brand of adalimumab, adalimumab, D2E7 antibody; -   Adalin, (.alpha.-Bromo-.alpha.-ethylbutyryl)carbamide,     (.alpha.-Bromo-.alpha.-ethylbutyryl) urea,     (2-Brom-2-ethylbutyryl)harnstoff; -   Adanon, (+)-Methadone, (+−)-Methadone,     (−)-(R)-6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone; -   Adfeed, (−)-(2R)-2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoic acid,     (−)-Flurbiprofen, (2R)-2-(2-Fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)propanoic     acid; -   adinazolam, adinazolam; -   Adofeed, (C3-C24) Fatty acids, 2-arylpropanoic acid,     2-Arylpropionate; -   Adrenor, (&#8722;)-Norepinephrine, (−)-(R)—Norepinephrine,     (−)-alpha-(Aminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol; -   Adrin, (+)-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)methyl)benzyl alcohol,     (+)-adrenaline, (−)-Adrenaline; -   AEBSF, 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride,     4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride,     4-beta-Aminoethylbenzolsulfofluoride; -   Aeromax,     (+−)-4-Hydroxy-alpha′-(((6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl)amino)methyl)-m-xylene-alpha,alpha′-diol,     (+−)-4-Hydroxy-alpha1-(((6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl)amino)methyl)-1,3-benzenedimethanol,     1,3-Benzenedimethanol, 4-hydroxy-alpha(sup     1)-(((6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl)amino)methyl)-, (+−)-; -   afloqualone, afloqualone; -   AGMATINE, (4-Aminobutyl) guanidine, (4-AMINOBUTYL)GUANIDINE,     (4-Aminobutyl)guanidinium sulphate; -   AIDSVAX, AIDSVAX, ALVAC-HIV, vCP1521; -   ajoene, 4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide, ajoene; -   ajulemic acid, ajulemic acid; -   alachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide,     alachlor; -   Aladerm, 5-amino-4-keto-valeric acid, 5-amino-4-oxo-pentanoic acid,     5-Amino-4-oxopentanoate; -   alaninate, 2-aminopropanoate, alaninate, alanine anion; -   Alat,     1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic     acid dimethyl ester,     2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine,     2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic     acid dimethyl ester; -   Alcolo, 1-Hydroxy-1-methylethyl, 1-Methylethanol, 1-Methylethyl     alcohol; -   Alcuronium, Alcuronium, Alcuronium Chloride, Alcuronium Dichloride; -   Aldara, (1-isobutylimidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-yl)amine,     1-(2-Methylpropyl)-1H-imidazole[4,5-c]quinoline-4-amine,     1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine; -   ALDO,     .gamma.-[4-(p-Chlorphenyl)-4-hydroxpiperidino]-p-fluorbutyrophenone,     1-(3-p-Fluorobenzoylpropyl)-4-p-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine,     1-Butanone,     4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-; -   Aldrich, 1,3-di-O-methylpyrogallol, 1,3-dimethoxy-2-hydroxybenzene,     1,3-dimethylpyrogallate; -   alemtuzumab, alemtuzumab, Berlex brand of alemtuzumab, Campath; -   Alfarol,     (1S,3R,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,7aR)-1-[(1R)-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1S,3R,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,7aR)-1-[(1R)-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1S,3R,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,7aR)-7a-methyl-1-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol; -   Alfentanil, Alfenta, Alfentanil, Alfentanil Hydrochloride; -   ALIMTA, ALIMTA; -   aliskiren,     2(S),4(S),5(S),7(S)—N-(2-carbamoyl-2-methylpropyl)-5-amino-4-hydroxy-2,7-diisopropyl-8-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)octanamid     hemifumarate, aliskiren, CGP 060536B; -   Alli, (&#8722;)-Tetrahydrolipstatin, (−)-Tetrahydrolipstatin,     (2S)-2-formamido-4-methyl-valeric acid     [(1S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-3-hexyl-4-keto-oxetan-2-yl]methyl]dodecyl]ester; -   ALLN,     (2S)-2-[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methylpentanamido]-N-[(1S)-1-formylpentyl]-4-methylpentanamide,     (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl]amino]-N-[(1S)-1-formylpentyl]-4-methylpentanamide,     (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methyl-pentanoyl]amino]-4-methyl-N-[(2S)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]pentanamide; -   alloxazine, Alloxazin, alloxazine,     benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; -   allyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate; -   almokalant, almokalant; -   aloesin, aloesin; -   Alprenolol, 1-(o-Allylphenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol,     Alfeprol, Alpheprol; -   Alvesco, Alvesco, Ciclesonide; -   AM 1387, AM 1387, AM-1387, AM1387; -   AM 251, AM 251, AM-251, AM251; -   Am 80,     4-((5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl)benzoic     acid, Am 80, AM-80; -   AMD 070, AMD 070, AMD-070, AMD070; -   Amiloride, Alphapharm Brand of Amiloride Hydrochloride, Amidal,     Amiduret Trom; -   Aminacrine, 9 Aminoacridine, 9-Aminoacridine, Acridinamine; -   Amine BB, (C12-18)Qalkylamine, (C12-C18)Alkylamine, 1-Aminododecane; -   amino-polyethyleneoxide-sulfonate,     amino-polyethyleneoxide-sulfonate, NH2-PEO-SO3, PEO-SO3; -   aminoflavone,     5-amino-2-(4-amino-3-fluorophenyl)-6,8-difluoro-7-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     aminoflavone, NSC 686288; -   Amiodarone, (2-butyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)     (4-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]oxy}-3,5-diiodophenyl)methanone,     (2-butyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)-[4-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-3,5-diiodo-phenyl]methanone,     (2-butyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)-[4-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]methanone; -   Amlodipine, Almirall Brand of Amlodipine Besilate, Amlodipine,     Amlodipine Besylate; -   Amphotericin B, Amphocil, Amphotericin, Amphotericin B; -   amprenavir, 141W94, Agenerase, amprenavir; -   Amrinone, 5-Amino-(3,4′-bipyridine)-6(1H)-one, Amrinon, Amrinone; -   amsonic acid, 4,4′-diacetamido-2,2′-stilbene disulfonate,     4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, amsonic acid; -   Amygdalin, Amygdalin, Amygdaloside, Laetrile; -   AN 207, AN 207; -   Anaboleen, (5a,17b)-17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one,     (5alpha,17beta)-17-hydroxyandrostan-3-one,     (5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S,17S)-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one; -   anacardic acid, 6-(8(Z),11(Z),14-pentadecatrienyl) salicylic acid,     6-(8,11,14-pentadecatrienyl) salicylic acid, 6-nonadecyl salicylic     acid; -   Anandamide,     (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)—N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide,     (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)—N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide,     (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)—N-(2-hydroxyethyl)icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide; -   Anco, (−)-Ibuprofen, (+−)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid,     (+−)-alpha-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid; -   Andrographis,     (3E,4S)-3-[2-[(1R,4aS,5R,6R,8aS)-6-hydroxy-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylene-5-methylol-decalin-1-yl]ethylidene]-4-hydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-one,     (3E,4S)-3-[2-[(1R,4aS,5R,6R,8aS)-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylene-1-decalinyl]ethylidene]-4-hydroxy-2-tetrahydrofuranone,     (3E,4S)-3-[2-[(1R,4aS,5R,6R,8aS)-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylene-decalin-1-yl]ethylidene]-4-hydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-one; -   Androtine, (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxyandrostan-17-one,     (3R,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one,     3-alpha-Hydroxy-17-androstanone; -   Aneol, (+−)-3-Benzoyl-alpha-methylbenzeneacetic acid, 19583 RP,     2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid; -   Ang II,     (3S)-3-amino-4-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-2-[[(1S,2S)-1-[[(S)-2-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-1-(benzyl)-2-hydroxy-2-keto-ethyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-(3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-2-keto-ethyl]carbamoyl]-2-methyl-butyl]amino]-1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-2-keto-ethyl]carbamoyl],     (3S)-3-amino-4-[[(1S)-4-guanidino-1-[[(S)-1-[[(S)-2-[[(1S,2S)-1-[[(S)-2-[(2S)-2-[[(S)-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-(phenylmethyl)ethyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-(3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]carbamoyl]-2-methyl-butyl]amino]-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-,     (3S)-3-amino-4-[[(S)-4-guanidino-1-[[[(1S)-1-[[[(1S)-2-[[(S,2S)-1-[[[(1S)-2-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-2-hydroxy-2-oxo—(phenylmethyl)ethyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-1-pyrrolidinyl]-1-(3H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-2-oxoethyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-2-methylbutyl]amino]-[(4-hydrox; -   Anisomycin, Anisomycin, Flagecidin; -   Anon, Anon, Anone, Cicloesanone; -   Anthocyanins, Anthocyanidin, Anthocyanidins, Anthocyanin; -   anthra(1,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)-one, anthra(1,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)-one,     SP600125; -   anthracene, anthracene, Anthrazen, c1ccc2 cc3 ccccc3 cc2c1; -   anthralin, 1,8-dihydroxy-9(10H)-anthracenone,     1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, 1,8-dihydroxyanthracen-9(10H)-one; -   Anthricin, (−)-Anthricin, (−)-Deoxypodophyllotoxin,     (−)-Desoxypodophyllotoxin; -   anthrone, 9(10H)-anthracenone, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxoanthracene,     anthracen-9(10H)-one; -   antibiotic G 418, antibiotic G 418; -   antibiotic H107, antibiotic H107, H 107; -   Antimycin A, Antimycin A, Antimycin A1; -   Anyvim, Aminobenzene, Aminophen, Anilin; -   APAP, 222 AF, 4′-Hydroxyacetanilide, 4-(Acetylamino)phenol; -   APDC, 1-Pyrrolidinecarbodithioic acid, 1-Pyrrolidinecarbodithioic     acid & Z-100, Ammonium pyrrolidine di-thiocarbamate; -   Aphidicolin, Aphidicolin, Aphidicolin,     (3-S-(3alpha,4beta,4abeta,6aalpha,8alpha,9alpha,11aalpha,11balpha))-Isomer,     ICI 69653; -   Aphloiol,     1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-tetrahydropyranyl]-9-xanthenone,     1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]xanthen-9-one,     1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]xanthen-9-one; -   apicidin, apicidin, apicidin C,     cyclo(N—O-methyl-tryptophyl-isoleucyl-pipecolinyl-2-amino-8-oxodecanoyl); -   Apigenin, 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromone,     4&#8242;,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone, 4&prime; 5,7-Trihydroxyflavone; -   apocynin, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one,     4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyacetophenone, Acetovanillone; -   Apotransferrin, Apotransferrin; -   aprepitant,     (2R)-(1R)-3,5-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)ethoxy)-(3S)-(4-fluoro)phenyl-4-(3-(5-oxo-1H,4H-1,2,4-triazole)methyl-morpholine,     aprepitant, Emend; -   APRL, 1-ethyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,     1-O-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine,     1-O-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine; -   AQ4N,     1,4-bis-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-5,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione,     1,4-bis-((2-(dimethylamino-N-oxide)     ethyl)amino)-5,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione, AQ4N; -   arabinogalactan, arabinogalactan; -   Arac, Arac; -   Aralen, (−)-Chloroquine, (+)-Chloroquine,     (+)-N4-(7-Chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N1,N1-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine; -   Arasine, 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide,     5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-,     5-Amino-1-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide,     5-Amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide; -   Areca, Areca, Areca catechu, Betel Nut; -   Arecoline, Arecaline, Arecholin, Arecholine; -   Areether, 109716-83-8 (UNSPECIFIED 12 POSITION),     3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano(4,3-j)-1,2-benzodioxepin,     10-ethoxydecahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-,     (3S-(3alpha,5alpha,6alpha,8aalpha,9beta,10beta, 2beta,2aalpha))-,     3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano(4,3-j)-1,2-benzodioxepin,     decahydro-10-ethoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-,     (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,12aR*))-; -   argatroban,     4-methyl-1-(N(2)-(3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-quinolinesulfonyl)-L-arginyl)-2-piperidinecarboxylic     acid, Acova, argatroban; -   aripiprazole,     7-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone,     Abilify, aripiprazole; -   Aron, 2-Carboxyethyl acrylate oligomers, 2-Propenoic acid,     2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer; -   Artein,     (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-Hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(2R,4R)-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-1-naphthalenyl(S)-2-methyl-butyrate,     (1S-(1alpha(R),3alpha,7beta,8beta(2S,4S),8abeta))-(1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-1-naphthyl)2-methylbutanoate,     (1S-(1alpha(R*),3alpha,7beta,8beta(2S*,4S*),8abeta))-2-Methylbutanoic     acid     1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-(2-(tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-naphthalenyl     ester; -   Artra, .alpha.-Hydroquinone, .beta.-Quinol, 1,4-Benzenediol;     arvanil, arvanil; -   asiatic acid, asiatic acid; -   asiaticoside, asiaticoside; -   Asmax, 1,3-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropurine,     1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione,     1,3-dimethyl-7H-purine-2,6-dione; -   Asmol, (+−)-Albuterol, (+−)-alpha(sup     1)-(((1,1-Dimethylethyl)amino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-1,3-benzenedimethanol,     (+−)-Salbutamol; -   ASTA, (+−)-Cyclophosphamide,     (+−)-N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine     2-oxide, (−)-Cyclophosphamide; -   astatine, 85At, Astat, astate; -   Astemizole, Alacan Brand of Astemizole, Alermizol, Alonga Brand of     Astemizole; -   Astragaloside A, Astragaloside A, Astragaloside IV, Astramembrannin     I; -   atazanavir,     3,12-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-8-hydroxy-4,11-dioxo-9-(phenylmethyl)-6-((4-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl)methyl)-2,5,6,10,13-pentaazatetradecanedioic     acid dimethyl ester, atazanavir, atazanavir sulfate; -   ATL 146e,     4-(3-(6-amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl)prop-2-ynyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic     acid methyl ester, ATL 146e, ATL-146e; -   Atorel, .beta.-D-Ribofuranoside, hypoxanthine-9, .beta.-Inosine,     6H-Purin-6-one, 9-.beta.-D-arabinofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-; -   atorvastatin, atorvastatin, atorvastatin calcium, atorvastatin,     calcium salt; -   Atovaquone,     2-(4-(4′-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone,     2-(trans-4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone,     566C; -   ATRA,     (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic     acid,     (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic     acid,     (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic     acid; -   Atropine, Anaspaz, AtroPen, Atropin Augenöl; -   Auranofin, Auranofin, Auranofin Recordati Brand, Auranofin     Roba-pharm Brand; -   AuTM, (1,2-dicarboxyethylthio) gold,     1,2-dicarboxyethanethiolatogold(I), 1,2-dicarboxyethylsulfanylgold; -   auxin, (indol-3-yl)acetate, 1H-indol-3-ylacetate,     2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetate; -   avasimibe,     2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl((2,4,6-tris(1-methylethyl)phenyl)acetyl)sulfamate,     avasimibe, CI 1011; -   AVE 0118, AVE 0118, AVE-0118, AVE0118; -   avicularin, avicularin; -   Avid, Abamectin, ABAMECTIN (4:1 MIXTURE), Abamectin [ANSI]; -   Axert, Almogran, Almotriptan, Almotriptan (USAN); -   Axsain, (6E)-N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-8-methylnon-6-enamide,     (6E)-N-{[4-hydroxy-3-(methyloxy)phenyl]methyl}-8-methylnon-6-enamide,     (E)-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide; -   Aza-dC, Aza-dC; -   Aza-deoxycytidine, Aza-deoxycytidine; azacyclonol, azacyclonol; -   Azadc, 1,3,5-Triazin-2(1H)-one,     4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-,     2′-Deoxy-5-azacytidine,     4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one; -   azamulin, azamulin; -   azaspirane, antiprimod, atiprimod, azaspirane; -   azelaic acid, 1,7-dicarboxyheptane, 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid,     1,9-nonanedioic acid; -   azelastine,     4-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-(hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-1(2H)-phthalazinone     HCl,     4-(p-chlorobenzyl)-2-(N-methylperhydroazepinyl-(4))-1-(2H)-phthalazinone,     A 5610; -   azelnidipine,     3-(1-diphenylmethylazetidin-3-yl)-5-isopropyl-2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate,     azelnidipine, CS 905; -   azido ruthenium, azido ruthenium; -   Azine, Azabenzene, Azine, Piridina; -   Azithromycin, Azadose, Azithromycin, Azithromycin Dihydrate; -   Azobisisobutyramidinium dichloride,     2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride,     2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride,     2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride; -   Azole, (4H)-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine, .DELTA.2-1,2,4-Triazoline,     5-imino-, 1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine; -   Azoles, Azoles; -   Azolidine, 1-Azacyclopentane, Azacyclopentane, Azolidine; -   Azophen, .beta.-Antipyrine,     1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one,     1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one; -   Azor, 4H-(1,2,4)Triazolo(4,3-a) (1,4)benzodiazepine,     8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-, 4H-s-Triazolo(4,3-a)     (1,4)benzodiazepine, 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-,     4H-[1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine,     8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-; -   BA (VAN), 1,1′-(Oxybis(methylene))bisbenzene,     1,1′-[oxybis(methylene)]dibenzene,     1,1-(Oxybis(methylene))bisbenzene; -   Ba 0108E, Ba 0108E, Barium chloride, Barium chloride (BaCl2); -   bacitracin, bacitracin, bacitracins; -   Baclofen, Alphapharm Brand of Baclofen, Apo Baclofen, Apo-Baclofen; -   bacterial lysate, bacterial immunostimulant, bacterial lysate,     Broncho-Vaxom; -   bafilomycin A1, bafilomycin A1; -   Bagren,     (5′alpha)-2-bromo-12′-hydroxy-2′-(1-methylethyl)-5′-(2-methylpropyl)-3′,6′,18-trioxoergotaman,     (5′alpha)-2-bromo-12′-hydroxy-2′-(1-methylethyl)-5′-(2-methylpropyl)ergotaman-3′,6′,18-trione,     (5′alpha)-2-bromo-12′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methylpropyl)-2′-(propan-2-yl)-3′,6′,18-trioxoergotaman; -   baicalein, 5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4-chromenone,     5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one; -   Barbiturate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydro-2,4,6-pyrimidinetrione,     1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione, 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione; -   Barnidipine, (+)-(3′S,4S)-1-Benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl methyl     1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(m-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate,     2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic     acid O3-[(3S)-1-(benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]O5-methyl ester,     2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic     acid O5-methyl O3-[(3S)-1-(phenylmethyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl]ester; -   BAY 11-7085,     3-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile, BAY     11-7083, BAY 11-7085; -   BB-K8,     (2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide,     (2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]-2-hydroxy-butanamide,     (2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide; -   BCNU, 1,3-Bis(.beta.-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea,     1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-urea,     1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea; -   Beflavin, ( )-Riboflavin, (&#8722;)-Riboflavin, (−)-Riboflavin; -   Belt, (1alpha, 2alpha, 3aalpha, 4beta, 7beta,     7aalpha)-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene,     (1alpha,2beta,3aalpha,4beta,7beta,7aalpha)-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene,     .gamma.-Chlordan; -   benazepril, Beecham brand of benazepril hydrochloride, benazapril,     benazepril; -   bendamustine, bendamustin, bendamustine, bendamustine hydrochloride; -   Benidipine, (+−)-(R*)-3-((R*)-1-Benzyl-3-piperidyl)methyl     1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(m-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate,     2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic     acid O3-[(3R)-1-(benzyl)-3-piperidyl]O5-methyl ester,     2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic     acid O5-methyl O3-[(3R)-1-(phenylmethyl)-3-piperidinyl]ester; -   benzamidine, benzamidine, benzenecarboximidamide, phenylamidine; -   benzimidazolide, benzimidazol-1-ide, benzimidazolide, bim; -   Benzodiazepines, Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine Compounds,     BENZODIAZEPINE CPDS; -   Benzodioxoles, 1,3-Dioxaindans, 1,3-Dioxindans, Benzodioxoles; -   Benzphetamine, Benzfetamine, Benzphetamine, Didrex; -   benzydamine N-oxide, benzydamine N-oxide; -   benzylamine, (Aminomethyl)benzene, (Phenylmethyl)amine,     1-phenylmethanamine; -   benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde,     benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde; -   benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone,     AcDEVD-CMK, Ac-ZVAD-FMK, benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl     fluoromethyl ketone; -   beractant, Abbott brand of beractant, beractant, Ross brand of     beractant; -   berberine,     7,8,13,13a-tetradehydro-9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-[methylenebis(oxy)]berbinium,     9,10-dimethoxy-2,3-(methylenedioxy)-7,8,13,13a-tetradehydroberbinium,     9,10-dimethoxy-5,6-dihydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-7-ium; -   bergamottin, 5-geranoxypsoralen, 8-geranyloxypsoralen, bergamottin; -   bergaptol, 4-hydroxy-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one,     5-Hydroxyfuranocoumarin, bergaptol; -   beta-glycerophosphoric acid, 2-glycerophosphoric acid, beta-glycerol     phosphate, beta-glycerophosphate; -   beta-lapachone, beta-lapachone; -   beta-Naphthoflavone, 5,6-Benzoflavone, beta Naphthoflavone,     beta-Naphthoflavone; -   beta-propiolactone, 1,3-propiolactone, 2-oxetanone,     3-hydroxypropionic acid beta-lactone; -   Bethanechol, Bethanechol, Bethanechol Chloride, Bethanecol; -   betulinic acid, betulic acid, betulinic acid; -   bexarotene, 3-methyl-TTNEB,     4-(1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethenyl)benzoic     acid, bexarotene; -   Bezafibrate, Azufibrat, Azupharma Brand of Bezafibrate, Bayer Brand     of Bezafibrate; -   BG 9928,     3-(4-(2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-8-yl)-bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-1-yl)propionic     acid, BG 9928, BG-9928; -   BGC945, BGC 945, BGC945; -   biapigenin, bi-apigenin, biapigenin; -   BIBX 1382BS, BIBX 1382BS, BIBX-1382BS, BIBX1382BS; -   biphenyl-4-ol, 4-biphenylol, 4-diphenylol, 4-Hydroxybiphenyl; -   BIRB 796,     1-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3(4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethoxy)naph-thalen-1-yl)urea,     BIRB 796, BIRB796; -   bisindolylmaleimide     1,2-(1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)indol-3-yl)-3-(indol-3-yl)maleimide,     3-(1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione,     BIS-1 cpd; -   bisindolylmaleimide III,     3-[1-(3-aminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione,     bis-(III) indolyl-maleimide, bisindolylmaleimide III; -   Bisoprolol, Bisoprolol, Bisoprolol Fumarate, Bisoprolol Fumarate     (1:1) Salt, (+−)-Isomer; -   bisperoxovanadium, bisperoxovanadium, bpV vanadium compound; -   Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-,     (1-methylethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy(2-hydroxy-3,1-propanediyl))     ester, homopolymer, Adaptic, Bis GMA; -   bizelesin, bizelesin, U-78779; -   BL1521, BL 1521, BL1521; -   Bla-S,     (2R,3R,6S)-3-[[(3S)-3-amino-5-(carbamimidoyl-methyl-amino)pentanoyl]amino]-6-(4-amino-2-oxo-pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic     acid,     (2R,3R,6S)-3-[[(3S)-3-amino-5-(carbamimidoyl-methylamino)-1-oxopentyl]amino]-6-(4-amino-2-oxo-1-pyrimidinyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic     acid,     (2R,3R,6S)-3-[[(3S)-3-amino-5-(carbamimidoyl-methylamino)pentanoyl]amino]-6-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic     acid; -   Blow, (−)-Cocaine, (1R,2R,3S,5S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)tropan-3-yl     benzoate, (1R,2R,3S,5S)-2-Methoxycarbonyltropan-3-yl benzoate; -   BM 41.440,1-Hexadecylmercapto-2-methoxymethyl-3-propyl phosphoric     acid monocholine ester,     1-Hexadecylthio-2-methoxymethyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine,     3,5-Dioxa-9-thia-4-phosphapentacosan-1-aminium,     4-hydroxy-7-(methoxymethyl)-N,N,N-trimethyl-, (2S-(1     (R*(R*)),2alpha,3abeta,7abeta))-; -   BML 241, BML 241, BML-241, BML241; -   BMS 310705, BMS 310705; -   BMS204352,     (5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-3-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-indol-2-one,     BMS 204352, BMS-204352; -   BMS453, BMS 453, BMS-453, BMS453; -   Bo-Xan, (3R,3′R)-Beta,Beta-Carotene-3,3′-Diol, Lutein,     (3R,3′R,6′R)-Lutein,     (3R,3′R,6S)-4,5-Didehydro-5,6-Dihydro-Beta,Beta-Carotene-3,3′-Diol; -   Boltin,     (7beta,8xi,9beta,13alpha,14beta,17alpha)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-7-methylestr-5(10)-en-3-one,     (7R,8R,9S,13S,14S,17R)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-7,13-dimethyl-1,2,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one,     Boltin; -   Bonopen,     (2S,5R,6R)-6-((2R)-2-Methylenamino-2-phenylacetamido-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptan-2-carbonsaeure,     (alpha-(Methyleneamino)benzyl) penicillin,     3,3-Dimethyl-6-(2-(methyleneamino)-2-phenylacetamidol-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic     acid; -   boron, Bor, boracium, bore; -   Borrelia-burgdorferi, Borrelia-burgdorferi; -   bortezomib, bortezomib, PS 341, PS-341; -   bosentan,     4-t-butyl-N-(6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,2′-bipyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide,     Actelion brand of bosentan monohydrate, bosentan; -   bosutinib,     4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile,     4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-6-methoxy-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline-3-carbonitrile,     bosutinib; -   botrocetin, botrocetin; -   BPDE, (+)-7beta, 8alpha-Dihydroxy-9alpha,     10alpha-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene,     (+−)-(E)-7,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene,     (+−)-anti-BPDE; -   BR-II, BR-II; -   Brake,     1-Methyl-3-phenyl-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4(1H)-pyridinone,     1-Methyl-3-phenyl-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-pyridone,     1-Methyl-3-phenyl-5-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-4-pyridone; -   bredinin, bredinin; -   Brefeldin A, Ascotoxin, Brefeldin A, Cyanein; -   Bromazepam, 1A Brand of Bromazepam, Aliud Brand of Bromazepam,     Anxyrex; -   bromo-cis-stilbene, bromo-cis-stilbene; -   brucine, brucine; -   bryostatin 1, bryostatin 1; -   Budesonide, Budesonide, Budesonide, (R)-Isomer, Budesonide,     (S)-Isomer; -   bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, (3alpha,5beta)-isomer; -   bufuralol, bufuralol, bufuralol, (DL)-(+−)-isomer, bufuralol,     hydrochloride; -   Bumetanide, AstraZeneca Brand of Bumetanide, Atlantis Brand of     Bumetanide, Bumedyl; -   BuOH, 1-butanol, 1-Butyl alcohol, 1-Hydroxybutane; -   Bupivacaine, 1-Butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide,     Abbott Brand of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride, Astra Brand of     Bupivacaine Hydrochloride; -   Buprenorphine, 6029 M, 6029-M, 6029M; -   BUPROPION, (−)-2-(tert-Butylamino)-3′-chloropropiophenone,     (−)-2-(tert-Butylamino)-3′-chlorpropiophenon,     (+−)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-propanone; -   Buspirone, Anxut, Apo Buspirone, Apo-Buspirone; -   Busulfan, Busulfan, Busulfan GlaxoSmithKline Brand, Busulfan Orphan     Brand; -   Buthionine Sulfoximine, Buthionine Sulfoximine; -   Butyrate, 1-Butyric acid, 1-Propanecarboxylic acid, 2-butanoate; -   butyrolactone I,     alpha-oxo-beta-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-gamma-(4-hydroxy-m-3,3-dimethylallylbenzyl)-gamma-methoxycarbonyl-gamma-butyrolactone,     butyrolactone I; -   C 1027, C 1027, C-1027, C1027 chromophore; -   C 76, C 76; -   CACP, azanide; dichloroplatinum, CACP, cis Pt II; -   Calcijex,     (1R,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,7aR)-1-(5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,7aR)-1-(5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhexyl)-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,7aR)-1-(6-hydroxy-6-methyl-heptan-2-yl)-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol; -   Calcimycin, A 23187, A-23187, A23187; -   calphostin C, calphostin C; -   Calyculin, Calyculin, Calyculin A, Calyculin A from Discodermia     calyx; -   Camptothecin, Camptothecin, Camptothecine; -   Canef, Canef, Cranoc, Fluindostainin sodium; -   cangrelor, AR C69931MX, AR-C69931MX, cangrelor; -   Cannabinoids, Cannabinoids; -   Cannabis, Bhang, Cannabis, Cannabis indica; -   Cantharidin, Cantharides, Cantharidin, Cantharidine; -   CAPE, (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid 2-phenylethyl ester,     (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid 2-phenylethyl ester,     2-phenylethyl(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate; -   Capsaicin, 8 Methyl N Vanillyl 6 Nonenamide,     8-Methyl-N-Vanillyl-6-Nonenamide, Alacan Brand of Capsaicin; -   capsaicinoids, capsaicinoids; -   capsazepine, capsazepine; -   Carbachol, Alcon Brand 1 of Carbachol, Alcon Brand 2 of Carbachol,     Allphar Brand of Carbachol; -   Carbamazepine, Amizepine, Carbamazepine, Carbamazepine Acetate; -   carbapenem, (5R)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-7-one,     2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam, carbapenem; -   Carbapenems, Antibiotics, Carbapenem, Carbapenem Antibiotics,     Carbapenems; -   carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal,     benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal,     carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal,     carbobenzoxy]-leucinyl-leucinyl-norvalinal-H; -   Carbolines, Beta Carbolines, Beta-Carbolines, Carbolines; -   Carboxyethyl-phenethylamino-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine,     Carboxyethyl-phenethylamino-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine; -   Cardiolipins, Cardiolipin, Cardiolipins, Diphosphatidylglycerols; -   carebastine, carebastine; -   CARNOSOL, CARNOSOL; -   carrageenans, Carrageenan, carrageenans, carrageenin; -   carvacrol, carvacrol; -   carvedilol, Atlana Pharma brand of carvedilol, BM 14190, BM-14190; -   Casodex, Bicalutamide, Casodex, Casodex (TN); -   caspofungin, Cancidas, caspofungin, caspofungin acetate; -   casticin, 3′,5-dihydroxy-3,4′,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone, casticin,     vitexicarpin; -   catechins, catechin, catechins; -   CB 3717, CB 3717; -   Cbdca,     (SP-4-2)-diammine[cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylato(2-)-kappa(2)O,O′lplatinum,     1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylate diammine platinum(II), ammonia;     cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid; platinum(+2) cation; -   CCPA,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[2-chloro-6-(cyclopentylamino)-9-purinyl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[2-chloro-6-(cyclopentylamino)purin-9-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[2-chloro-6-(cyclopentylamino)purin-9-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol; -   CD 437, 6-(3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic     acid, AHPN, CD 437; -   CDP 840, CDP 840; -   Cefoxitin, Cefoxitin, Cefoxitin Sodium, Mefoxin; -   celecoxib,     4-(5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide,     Celebrex, celecoxib; -   cephalomannine, cephalomannine, taxol B; -   cephalosporins, cephalosporins; -   cepharanthine, cepharanthin, cepharanthine; -   cerebrolysin, cerebrolysin, cerebrolysine, FPF 1070; -   cerivastatin, 6-Heptenoic acid,     7-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)-2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)-3-pyridinyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-,     monosodium salt, (S—(R*,S*-(E)))-,     7-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyrid-3-yl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoate     sodium salt, Bay w 6228; -   Cetomacrogol, alpha-Hexadecyl-omega-Hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-Ethanediyl),     Brij 52, Brij 56; -   cetrorelix, ASTA Medica brand of cetrorelix acetate, cetrorelix,     cetrorelix acetate; -   cetuximab, C225, cetuximab, Erbitux; -   CGP 12177, 4-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)benzimidazol-2-one,     4-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)benzimidazol-2-one     hydrochloride, (+−)-isomer,     4-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)benzimidazol-2-one,     (+−)-isomer; -   CGS 15943A, (1,2,4)Triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-amine,     9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-,     9-Chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-amine,     9-Chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-amine; -   CGS 21680,     2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine,     Benzenepropanoic acid,     4-(2-((6-amino-9-(N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)-,     CGS 21680; -   CH-THF,     2-[[4-(3-amino-1-keto-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo[3,4-f]pteridin-10-ium-8-yl)benzoyl]amino]glutaric     acid,     2-[[4-(3-amino-1-oxo-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo[3,4-f]pteridin-10-ium-8-yl)benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic     acid,     2-[[4-(3-amino-1-oxo-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-imidazo[3,4-f]pteridin-10-ium-8-yl)phenyl]carbonylamino]pentanedioic     acid; -   CH2CHO, Acetaldehyd, Acetaldehyde, Acetaldehyde (natural); -   Chalcone, 1,3-Diphenyl-2-Propen-1-One, Benzalacetophenone,     Benzylideneacetophenone; -   CHAPS, 3-((3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate,     3-((3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate,     3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate; -   Chinine, (−)-Quinine,     (5-ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-7-yl)-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)methanol,     (6-methoxy-4-quinolyl)-(5-vinyl-2-quinuclidinyl)methanol; -   Chitosan, Chitosan, Poliglusam; -   Chloramphenicol, Chloramphenicol, Chlornitromycin, Chlorocid; -   chlorophenyl-ethane, chlorophenyl-ethane; -   chlorophyllin, chlorophyllin, chlorophyllin a, chlorophyllin copper     complex; -   chlorophyllypt, Chlorophyllipt, chlorophyllypt; -   chlorpromazine,     3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine,     3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine,     3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-propan-1-amine; -   Chlorpropham, Chlorpropham, CIPC, Isopropyl     N-(3-Chlorophenol)carbamate; -   Chlorzoxazone, Chlorzoxazone, McNeil Brand of Chlorzoxazone, Ortho     Brand of Chlorzoxazone; -   Cholestanol, 5 alpha Cholestan 3 alpha ol, 5 alpha Cholestan 3 beta     ol, 5 alpha-Cholestan-3 alpha-ol; -   CHOLINE, (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium,     (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride,     (beta-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium; -   Chonsurid,     (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-sulfooxy-oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxy-oxane-2-carboxylic     acid,     (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,33R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carboxylic     acid,     (2S,3S,4S,5RR)-6-[(2R,3R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-sulfooxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic     acid; -   chromophore, chromophore, chromophores; -   Chrysin, 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-,     4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-(9CI),     5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4-chromenone; -   chymostatin, chymostatin; -   CI1033, Canertinib, CI 1033, CI-1033; -   cicaprost,     13,14-didehydro-16,20-dimethyl-3-oxa-18,18,19,19-tetradehydro-6-carbaprostaglandin     I2,     5-(7-hydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-4-methylnona-1,6-diynyl)-bicyclo(3.3.0)octan-3-yliden)-3-oxapentanoic     acid, cicaprost; -   cifostodine, cifostodine; -   ciglitazone,     5-(4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione, ADD     3878, ADD-3878; -   Cilazapril, Cilazapril, Cilazapril Hydrate, Cilazapril     Monohydrobromide; -   Cilomilast, Cilomilast; -   cilostazol,     6-(4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone,     cilostazol, OPC 13013; -   Cimetidine, Altramet, Biomet, Biomet400; -   cinacalcet,     alpha-methyl-N-(3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propyl)-1-naphthalenemethanamine,     (alphaR)-hydrochloride, AMG 073, AMG073; -   cinitapride, Almirall brand of cinitapride tartrate, Blaston,     Cidine; -   cinnamic aldehyde, 3-phenylprop-2-enaldehyde, beta-phenylacrolein,     cinnamaldehyde; -   cionin, Asn-Tyr(SO3)-Tyr(SO3)-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2, cionin; -   Cipol N,     (R—(R*,R*-(E)))-Cyclic(L-alanyl-D-alanyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-N-methyl-L-leucyl-N-methyl-,     1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-,     30-ethyl-33-[(Z,     S,2R)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-hex-4-enyl]-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-6,9,18,24-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-3,21-di(propan-2-yl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone; -   Ciprofloxacin, Bay 09867, Bay-09867, Bay09867; -   Ciprol, 2-(4-(2,2-Dichlorocyclopropyl)phenoxy)2-methylpropanoic     acid, 2-(p-(2,2-Dichlorocyclopropyl)phenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid,     2-[4-(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid; -   cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid, c9-t11-CLA, cis-9,     trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid; -   Cisapride, Cisapride, Propulsid, R 51619; -   Citalopram, Citalopram, Cytalopram, Escitalopram; -   Citox,     .alpha.,.alpha.-Bis(p-chlorophenyl)-.beta.,.beta.,.beta.-trichlorethane,     1,1′-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene),     1,1′-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)bis(4-chlorobenzene); -   CITRULLINE, (2S)-2-amino-5-(aminocarbonylamino)pentanoic acid,     (2S)-2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid,     (2S)-2-amino-5-ureido-pentanoic acid; -   clebopride, clebopride, clebopride fumarate (1:1), clebopride     maleate; -   clevidipine, butyroxymethyl methyl     4-(2′,3′-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate,     clevidipine; clobazam, clobazam; -   Clodronic Acid, Bonefos, C12MDP, Clodronate; -   clofarabine, 2-chloro-2′-arabino-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine,     2-chloro-2′-fluoroarabino-2′-deoxyadenosine,     2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arbinofuranosyl)adenine; -   Clofibric Acid, 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic Acid,     Clofibric Acid, Clofibrinic Acid; -   Clomipramine, Anafranil, Chlomipramine, Chlorimipramine; -   Clonazepam, Antelepsin, Clonazepam, Rivotril; -   Clonidine, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan; -   clopidogrel, clopidogrel, clopidogrel bisulfate, clopidogrel, (+)     (S)-isomer; -   clotiazepam, clotiazepam; -   Clozapine, Clozapine, Clozaril, Leponex; -   clozapine N-oxide, clozapine N-oxide; -   CNI 1493, CNI 1493, CNI-1493,     N,N′-bis(3,5-diacetylphenyl)decanediamide     tetrakis(amidinohydrazone)tetrahydrochloride; -   Co 2-1970,     1-[(3S,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S,17S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]ethanone,     3alpha-Hydroxy-3beta-(trifluoromethyl)-5alpha-pregnan-20-one,     3alpha-Hydroxy-3beta-trifluoromethyl-5alpha-pregnan-20-one; -   Coagulin, antigens, cd142, blood coagulation factor iii, cd142     antigens; -   Colchicine, Colchicine; -   compactin, 6-demethylmevinolin, compactin, CS 500; -   CONT, 1-(.beta.-Ethylol)-2-methyl-5-nitro-3-azapyrrole,     1-(.beta.-Hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole,     1-(2-Hydroxy-1-ethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; -   Cotinine, Cotinine, Scotine; -   Cotrim, 3-(p-Aminophenylsulfonamido)-5-methylisoxazole,     3-(para-Aminophenylsulphonamido)-5-methylisoxazole,     3-Sulfanilamido-5-methylisoxazole; -   coumarin, 1,2-Benzopyrone, 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-,     d-lactone, 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one; -   CRA 024781, CRA 024781, CRA-024781, CRA024781; -   CRA 026440, CRA 026440, CRA-026440, CRA026440; -   Crestor, calcium     (E,3R,5S)-7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methyl-methylsulfonyl-amino)-6-propan-2-yl-pyrimidin-5-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-hept-6-enoate,     calcium     (E,3R,5S)-7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methyl-methylsulfonylamino)-6-propan-2-ylpyrimidin-5-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoate,     calcium     (E,3R,5S)-7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-(mesyl-methyl-amino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-hept-6-enoate; -   Crodacid, 1-Tridecanecarboxylic acid, C14 fatty acid,     CH3-[CH2]12-COOH; -   Crypt-2,2,2,13,16,21,24-Hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo-(8,8,8)-hexacosane,     2,2,2-Cryptand,     4,7,13,16,21,24-Hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo(8.8.8)hexacosane; -   cryptdin 3, cryptdin 3, cryptdin-3; -   cryptotanshinone, cryptotanshinone; -   cryptoxanthin, beta-caroten-3-ol, beta-cryptoxanthin, cryptoxanthin; -   CUBE, (−)-cis-Rotenone, (−)-Rotenone,     (1)Benzopyrano(3,4-b)furo(2,3-h) (1)benzopyran-6(6aH)-one,     1,2,12,12a-tetrahydro-2-alpha-isopropenyl-8,9-dimethoxy-; -   CVT 3146,     (1-(9-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-6-aminopurin-2-yl)pyrazol-4-yl)-N-methylcarboxamide,     CVT 3146, CVT-3146; -   cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside; -   cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside; -   cyanoginosin-LA, cyanoginosin-LA, cyanogynosin-LA, microcystin LA; -   Cyclandelate, Cyclandelate, Cyclospasmol; -   cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3′-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester, cyclohexyl     carbamic acid 3′-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester, URB 597, URB-597; -   cyclohexyl-methyl, cyclohexyl-methyl; -   cyclopamine, cyclopamine; -   Cyclopentenone, 1-cyclopent-2-enone, 2-Cyclopenten-1-one,     2-Cyclopenten-1-one (8CI)(9CI); -   cyclopiazonic acid, cyclopiazonic acid; -   Cyproheptadine, Antergan, Cyproheptadine, Dihexazin; -   Cyproterone Acetate, Androcur, Cyproterone Acetate, Cyproterone     Acetate, (1 alpha,2 alpha)-Isomer; -   cystathionine, 2-amino-4-[(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)sulfanyl]butanoic     acid, cystathionine, DL-Allocystathionine; -   cysteamine, 2-amino-1-ethanethiol, 2-aminoethanethiol,     beta-Aminoethanethiol; -   cysteinyl-leukotriene, Cys-LT, cysteinyl-leukotriene; -   Cytarabine, Ara-C, Arabinofuranosylcytosine, Arabinosylcytosine; -   cytochalasin B, cytochalasin B; -   Cytochalasin D, Cytochalasin D; -   cytochalasin E, cytochalasin E; -   D 22888, D 22888; -   D 23129, D 20443, D 23129, D-20443; -   DA 8159,     5-(2-propyloxy-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrollidinylethylamidosulfonyl)phenyl)-1-methyl-3-propyl-1,6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo     (4,3-d) pyrimidine-7-one, DA 8159, DA-8159; -   Dacarbazine, 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide,     Biocarbazine, Dacarbazine; -   DADSO, 2-Propene-1-sulfinic acid, thio-, S-allyl ester,     2-Propene-1-sulfinothioic acid S-2-propenyl ester,     2-Propene-1-sulfinothioic acid, S-2-propenyl ester (9CI); -   daidzein, daidzein, diadzein; -   danaproid, danaparoid, danaproid, danaproid sodium; -   Dapsone, 4,4′-Diaminophenyl Sulfone, Avlosulfone, DADPS; -   Daral,     3-[(2E)-2-[1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexan-1-ol,     3-[(2E)-2-[1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexan-1-ol,     3-[(2E)-2-[7a-methyl-1-(1,4,5-trimethylhex-2-enyl)-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-1-cyclohexanol; -   Darifenacin,     2-[(3S)-1-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-di(phenyl)acetamide,     2-[(3S)-1-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-di(phenyl)ethanamide,     2-[(3S)-1-[2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]-2,2-di(phenyl)acetamide; -   darunavir, darunavir, darunavir ethanolate, Prezista; -   dasatinib,     (18F)—N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-(6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide,     BMS 354825, BMS-354825; -   Daunorubicin, Cerubidine, Dauno Rubidomycine, Dauno-Rubidomycine; -   Dayfen, 1-Methyl-4-piperidyl benzhydryl ether, 132-18-3 (HCL),     4-(Benzhydryloxy)-1-methylpiperidine; -   DBPC, (2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidene)-dimalononitrile,     1-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylbenzene,     2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol; -   DDB, DDB; -   DDE, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4′-chlorophenyl)ethylene,     1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene,     4,4′-DDE; -   Debrisoquin, Debrisoquin, Debrisoquine, Tendor; -   decursin, decursin, decursinol; -   Deethylamiodarone,     (2-butyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)-[4-(2-ethylaminoethoxy)-3,5-diiodo-phenyl]methanone,     (2-butyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)-[4-(2-ethylaminoethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]methanone,     (2-Butyl-3-benzofuranyl)(4-(2-(ethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)methanone; -   deferiprone, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone,     1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one,     1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one; -   Deferoxamine, Deferoxamine, Deferoxamine B, Deferoxamine Mesilate; -   deguelin, deguelin; -   dehydroaripiprazole, dehydroaripiprazole; -   Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate,     Dehydroisoandrosterone Sulfate, DHA Sulfate; -   dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin,     DHMEQ cpd; -   Delavirdine, Agouron Brand of Delavirdine Mesylate, Delavirdine,     Delavirdine Mesylate; -   delta8-THC, (−)-.delta.-(sup8)-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol,     (−)-.DELTA.6-Tetrahydrocannabinol,     (−)-.DELTA.8-Tetrahydrocannabinol; -   Denagard,     (4R,5S,6S,8R,9AR,10R)-5-HYDROXY-4,6,9,10-TETRAMETHYL-1-OXO-6-VINYLDECAHYDRO-3A,9-PROPANOCYCLOPENTA[8]ANNULEN-8-YL{[2-(DIETHYLAMINO)ETHYL]SULFANYL}ACETATE,     Denagard, Denagard (TN); -   denbinobin, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-1,4-phenanthraquinone,     denbinobin; -   denileukin diftitox, DAB(389)-IL-2, DAB(389)-interleukin 2,     DAB(389)IL-2; -   denopamine, (3,4-dimethoxyphenethylaminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl     alcohol,     1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)amino)ethanol,     denopamine; -   Depas,     4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-ethyl-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine,     4-(o-Chlorophenyl)-2-ethyl-9-methyl-6H-thieno(3,2-f)-s-triazolo(4,3-a)     (1,4)diazepine, 4H-s-Triazolo(3,4-c)thieno(2,3-e) (1,4)-diazepine,     6-(o-chlorophenyl)-8-ethyl-1-methyl-; -   deramciclane,     2-phenyl-2-(dimethylaminoethoxy)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)heptane     hemifumarate, deramciclane, deramciclane, (1R,2S,4R)-isomer; -   desethylchloroquine, deethylchloroquine, desethylchloroquine,     desethylchloroquine dihydrochloride; -   desflurane, Baxter Anaesthesia brand of desflurane, Baxter brand of     desflurane, desflurane; -   desisobutyrylciclesonide, desisobutyryl-ciclesonide,     desisobutyrylciclesonide; -   desmethylazelastine, desmethylazelastine; -   Desmethyldeprenyl, (1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-propargyl-amine,     1-Phenyl-2-(N-2-propynyl)aminopropane,     alpha-Methyl-N-2-propynylbenzeneethanamine; -   Devazepide, Devazepide, L-364,718, MK 329; -   Dexfenfluramine, Dexfenfluramine, Dexfenfluramine Hydrochloride,     Redux; -   dexloxiglumide, dexloxiglumide; -   Dextropropoxyphene, D Propoxyphene, D-Propoxyphene, Darvon; -   dFdC, 122111-03-9 (HYDROCHLORIDE), 2′,2′-DiF-dC,     2′,2′-DIFLUORODEOXYCYTIDINE; -   DFMO, .alpha.-DFMO HCl, 2,5-diamino-2-(difluoromethyl)pentanoic     acid, 2,5-diamino-2-(difluoromethyl)valeric acid; -   DHEA, (+)-Dehydroisoandrosterone,     (3-beta)-3-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one,     (3beta)-3-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one; -   DHLA, ( )-6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid, ( )-Dihydrolipoic acid,     6,8-bis-sulfanyloctanoic acid; -   di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl-2′)butane,     di-(1-isoquinolinyl)-di-(pyridyl-2′)butane, S-147; -   Diaben, 1-butyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-urea,     1-butyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylurea,     1-Butyl-3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)urea; -   Diacomit, (E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4,4-dimethyl-pent-1-en-3-ol,     (E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4,4-dimethylpent-1-en-3-ol,     1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-4,4-dimethyl-1-penten-3-ol; -   diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine tetraphosphate; -   Dial, 1,4-Pentanediamine,     N4-(6-chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N1,N1-diethyl-,     2-Methoxy-6-chloro-9-diethylaminopentylaminoacridine,     3-Chloro-7-methoxy-9-(1-methyl-4-diethylaminobutylamino)acridine; -   Diamide, Diamide, Diazodicarboxylic Acid Bis(N,N-dimethyl)amide,     Diazodicarboxylic Acid Bisdimethylamide; -   DIAN, .beta.,.beta.′-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane,     .beta.-Di-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane,     2,2-(4,4′-Dihydroxydiphenyl)propane; -   diarsenic trioxide, Arsenic trioxide, arsenic(III) oxide, As2O3; -   Dibenzanthracene, 1,2,3,4-DIBENZANTHRACENE,     1,2:3,4-Dibenzanthracene, 1,2:3,4-Dibenzoanthracene; -   Dicid, Alfa-Tox, Antigal, Bassadinon; -   Diclofenac, Dichlofenal, Diclofenac, DICLOFENAC NA; -   Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DCCD, Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; -   diethyl maleate, diethyl maleate; -   Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine, Diethyl-benzoquinone-imine; -   Digicor,     4-[(3S,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17S)-3-[(2R,4S,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy-14-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17-tetradeca,     4-[(3S,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17S)-3-[(2R,4S,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-14-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,4-[(3S,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17S)-3-[(2R,4S,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-14-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17-tetradecahyd; -   Digitin, .beta.-D-Galactopyranoside, (2.alpha., 3.beta., 5.alpha.,     15.beta., 25R)-2,15-dihydroxyspirostan-3-yl     O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.2)-O-[.beta.-D-xylopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)]-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.4,     Digitin, Digitogenin, glycoside; -   Digoxin, AWD.pharma Brand of Digoxin, Bertek Brand of Digoxin,     Digacin; -   Dihydroqinghaosu,     3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano(4,3-j)-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-ol,     decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-,     3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano(4,3-j)-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-ol,     decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-,     (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,110alpha,12beta,2aR*))-,     Dihydroartemisinin; -   Dihydroxycholecalciferols, Dihydroxycholecalciferols,     Dihydroxyvitamins D; -   diisopropyl fluorophosphate, bis(propan-2-yl) fluorophosphate,     Diisopropoxyphosphoryl fluoride, diisopropyl fluorophosphate; -   dillapiol, dillapiol; -   Diltiazem, Aldizem, Cardil, Cardizem; -   Dimethadione, 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione,     5,5-Dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione, Dimethadione; -   dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, dimethylfumarate, Fumaderm; -   Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulphoxide,     Dimethylsulfoxide; -   dimethyl-hydrazide, dimethyl-hydrazide; -   dimethylamino-purine, dimethylamino-purine; -   dimuonium, (mu(+)e(−))₂, dimuonium, Mu2; -   dinitrophenol, dinitrophenol; -   Dinoprostone, Dinoprostone, PGE2, PGE2 alpha; -   dioxirane, dioxirane; -   Dipalmitoyl, 1,2-Di-O-palmitoyl-3-sn-glyceryl-O-phosphoric acid,     1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate,     1,2-Dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidic acid; -   diphenylalanine, diphenylalanine; -   Diphenylamine, Diphenylamine; -   diphenyleneiodonium, diphenylene iodonium, diphenyleneiodium     chloride, diphenyleneiodonium; -   Dipyridamole, Antistenocardin, Apo-Dipyridamole, Apotex Brand of     Dipyridamole; -   Dipyrone, Algopyrin, Analgin, Biopyrin; -   discodermolide, discodermolide; -   Diterpenes, Cembrane Diterpenes, Cembranes, Diterpenes; -   Dithionite, Dithionite, Hyposulfite, Sodium Dithionite; -   diuretic, diuretic, diuretics; -   Diuron, 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, DCMU, Diuron; -   divinyl benzene, divinyl benzene; -   dl-Ipr, (+)-Isoprenaline, (+)-Isoproterenol, (+−)-Isoprenaline; -   DMGG, 1,1-Dimethyl biguanide, 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide, 1115-70-4     (HCL); -   DMPX, 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-(2-propynyl)-,     3,7-Dimethyl-1-(2-propynyl)xanthine,     3,7-dimethyl-1-prop-2-ynyl-purine-2,6-dione; -   DMSO, (CH3)2SO, (DMSO), (methanesulfinyl)methane; -   Dobutamine, Boehringer Ingelheim Brand of Dobutamine Hydrochloride,     Dobucor, Dobuject; -   Doca, 11-Dehydroxycorticosterone, 11-Deoxycorticosterone,     11-Desoxycorticosterone; -   Doconexent, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic     acid, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid,     (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosahexaenoic acid; -   dodecyl-phosphocholine, dodecyl-phosphocholine; -   dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether, dodecyloctaethyleneglycol     monoether; -   Domperidone, Aliud Brand of Domperidone Maleate, Apo Domperidone,     Apo-Domperidone; -   DOTA, 1,4,7,10-Dota,     1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid,     1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; -   Doxazosin, 1     (4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-((2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)carbonyl)piperazine,     Alfamedin, Aliud Brand of Doxazosin Mesylate; -   Doxorubicin, Adriablastin, Adriablastine, Adriamycin; -   Doxycycline, alpha 6 Deoxyoxytetracycline,     alpha-6-Deoxyoxytetracycline, BMY 28689; -   DPC 681, DPC 681; -   DPCPX, 1,3-Dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine, 1,3-Dpcpx,     1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 8-cyclopentyl-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dipropyl-; -   Droxia, 1-HYDROXYUREA, Biosupressin, Carbamohydroxamic acid; -   DTMC, 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol,     1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol,     1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol; -   dulcin, dulcin, p-ethoxyphenylurea, phenetolcarbamide; -   Durapatite, Alveograf, Calcitite, Calcium Hydroxyapatite; -   DX 9065a, DX 9065a; -   Dxms,     (11beta,16alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione,     (11beta,     16beta)-9-fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione,     (3H)-Dexamethasone; -   Dynatra, (3H)-Dopamine,     .alpha.-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-.beta.-aminoethane,     .Beta.-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride; -   E 10, E 10, E-10, N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-(octylamino)ethyl)glycine     monohydrochloride, mixt. with N,N-bis(2-(octylamino)ethyl)glycine     monohydrochloride; -   E 3330, E 3330; -   E-MIX 80, .gamma.-Tocopherol,     2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol,     2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol; -   E.O., 1,2-Epoxyethane, Alpha,beta-oxidoethane,     alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)),     (chloromethyl)oxirane polymer; -   EACA, .epsilon. S, .epsilon.-Aminocaproic acid,     .epsilon.-Aminohexanoic acid; -   ebastine,     4-diphenylmethoxy-1-(3-(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)propyl)piperidine,     Almirall brand of ebastine, Bactil; -   ebrotidine,     4-bromo-N-(((2-(((-((diaminomethylene)amino)-4-thiazolyl)methyl)thio)ethyl)amino)methylene)benzenesulfonamide,     ebrotidine; -   Echinomycin, Echinomycin, NSC 526417, NSC-526417; -   Econ, ( )-alpha-Tocopherol, (+)-alpha-Tocopherol acetate,     (+)-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate; -   econazole,     1-(2,4-Dichloro-beta-((p-chlorobenzyl)oxy)phenethyl)imidazole,     1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole,     Clc1ccc(COC(Cn2 ccnc2)c3 ccc(Cl)cc3Cl)cc1; -   ecteinascidin 743, ecteinascidin 743, ET 743, ET-743; -   Edetic Acid, Calcium Disodium Edetate, Calcium Disodium Versenate,     Calcium Tetacine; -   Edex, (11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid,     (11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoic acid,     (13E)-(15S)-11alpha, 15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate; -   efavirenz,     6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one,     Bristol-Myers Squibb brand of efavirenz, DMP 266; -   EGCg,     (&#8722;)-cis-2-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol     3-gallate,     (&#8722;)-cis-3,3&#8242;,4&#8242;,5,5&#8242;,7-Hexahydroxy-flavane-3-gallate,     (&#8722;)-Epigallocatechin gallate; -   EGTA, (Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo))tetraacetic acid,     1,2-Bis(2-aminoethoxyethane)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid,     1,2-Bis(2-dicarboxymethylaminoethoxy)ethane; -   eletriptan,     3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-5-(2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl)-1H-indole     hydrobromide, eletriptan, eletriptan hydrobromide; -   Elicide, Elicide, Estivin, Ethylmercurithiosalicylate sodium; -   Empecid, (2-Chlorophenyl)diphenyl-1-imidazolylmethane,     (Chlorotrityl)imidazole,     1-((2-Chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole; -   Enalapril, Enalapril, Enalapril Maleate, MK 421; -   Endocannabinoids, CANNABINOID RECEPT MODULATORS, Cannabinoid     Receptor Modulators, Cannabinoids, Endogenous; -   endomorphin 1, (Dmt1)endomorphin-1, endomorphin 1, endomorphin-1; -   Enediynes, Enediyne Group, Enediynes; -   enflurane, 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether,     2-chloro-1-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,2-trifluoroethane, Alyrane; -   enone, enone; -   Enoximone, Enoximone, Fenoximone, MDL 17043; -   entacapone,     2-cyano-N,N-diethyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)propenamide,     Comtan, Comtess; -   Entex, 4-Methylmercapto-3-methylphenyl dimethyl thiophosphate,     Bay-Bassa, Baycid; -   enzastaurin, enzastaurin, LY317615.HCl; -   EOS, EOS; -   EPC-K(1), ascorbic     acid-2-(3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl     hydrogen phosphate), EPC-K, EPC-K(1); -   EPEG, (−)-Etoposide,     (5R,5aR,8aR,9S)-9-[[(2R,4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4,4-a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[5,6-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy]-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-5a,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-5H-isobenzofurano[6,5-f][1,3]benzodioxol-6-one,     (5R,5aR,8aR,9S)-9-[[(2R,4aR,6R,7R,8R,8aS)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4,4a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[5,6-d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl]oxy]-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5a,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-5H-isobenzofurano[6,5-f][1,3]benzodioxol-6-one; -   EPIB, .alpha.-(p-Chlorophenoxy)isobutyric acid, ethyl ester,     .alpha.-p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyryl ethyl ester, 19 more names     available; -   epibatidine, epibatidine; -   Epicar, (+)-pilocarpine,     (3S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one,     (3S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-[(3-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methyl]-2-tetrahydrofuranone; -   Epoprostenol, Epoprostanol, Epoprostenol, Epoprostenol Sodium; -   epoxybergamottin, epoxybergamottin; -   epsilon-viniferin, epsilon-viniferin; -   erastin, erastin; -   ergosterol-5,8-peroxide, 3-hydroxy-5,7-epidioxyergosta-6,22-diene,     5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol, ergosterol endoperoxide; -   Eril, (5-ISOQUINOLINESULFONYL)HOMOPIPERAZINE,     1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)homopiperazine,     1-(5-Isoquinolinesulphonyl)homopiperazine; -   erlotinib, CP 358,774, CP 358774, CP-358,774; -   erucin, erucin; -   Eryc,     6-(4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl)oxy-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-oxan-2-yl)oxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione,     6-(4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione,     6-(4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-quinone; -   erythritol anhydride, erythritol anhydride; -   esterbut-3, esterbut-3; -   Estriol, 16 alpha Hydroxy Estradiol, 16 Epiestriol, 16     Hydroxyestradiol; -   ET18-Ome, ( )-ET-18-OCH3, ( )-ET-18-OMe,     (2-methoxy-3-octadecoxy-propyl) 2-trimethylammonioethyl phosphate; -   Etfc cpd, 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-,     7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-chromenone,     7-Ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1-benzypyran-2-one; -   Ethacrynic Acid, Edecrin, Etacrynic Acid, Ethacrinic Acid; -   Ethan, Aethan, Alkanes, C1-2, Alkanes, C2-3; -   Ethinyl-oestradiol, Ethinyl-oestradiol; -   Ethylmorphine, Dionine, Ethomorphine, Ethylmorphine; -   Ethynodiol Diacetate, (3 beta, 17     alpha)-19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yne-3,17 diol Diacetate, Continuin,     Ethyndiol Diacetate; -   Eticol, Chinorta, Chinorto, diethyl(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate; -   Etidronic Acid, (1-hydroxyethylene)diphosphonic acid,     (1-hydroxyethylene)diphosphonic acid, Tetrapotassium Salt,     1,1-hydroxyethylenediphosphonate; -   Etodolac, AY 24236, AY-24,236, AY-24236; -   Etoposide, alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl Isomer Etoposide, Baxter Brand of     Etoposide, Baxter Oncology Brand of Etoposide; -   etoricoxib, Arcoxia, etoricoxib, L-791456; -   etravirine, etravirine, R165335, TMC 125; -   Eufor, (+) or     (−)-N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3-((alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy)propylamine,     (+) or     (−)-N-Methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine,     (+−)-N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3-((alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy)propylamine; -   Eugenol, 1,3,4-Eugenol, 1-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene,     1-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-prop-2-enylbenzene; -   eupatilin, eupatilin; -   everolimus, 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, Certican, everolimus; -   Evex, (+)-3,17beta-Estradiol,     (13S,17S)-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-beta-diol,     (17beta)-estra-1(10),2,4-triene-3,17-diol; -   Evodin,     (4aS,6aR,8aR,8bR,9aS,12R,12aS,14aR,14bR)-12-(3-furyl)-6,6,8a,12a-tetramethyldecahydro-3H-oxireno[d]pyrano[4′,3′:3,3a][2]benzofuro[5,4-f]isochromene-3,8,10(6H,9aH)-trione,     7,16-Dioxo-7,16-dideoxylimondiol, Citrolimonin; -   exenatide, AC 2993, AC 2993 LAR, Byetta; -   Exosurf, Alevaire, Enuclene, Exosurf; -   Expectorants, Expectorants, Mucolytic Agents, Mucolytics; -   Extina,     (+−)-cis-1-Acetyl-4-(p-((2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazine,     (−)-Ketoconazole, (2S,4R)-ketoconazole; -   Ezerin,     (3aS,8aR)-1,3a,8-trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl     methylcarbamate,     (3aS-cis)-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-Hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo(2,3-b)indol-5-ol     methylcarbamate (ester),     1,2,3,3abeta,8abeta-Hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo(2,3-b)-indol-5-yl     methylcarbamate; -   ezetimib, ezetimib; -   Facet, 3,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid,     3,7-Dichloroquinoline-8-carboxylic acid, 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid,     3,7-dichloro-; -   Facid,     (2S)-2-[[4-[(2-amino-4-keto-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]glutaric     acid,     (2S)-2-[[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic     acid,     (2S)-2-[[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]phenyl]carbonylamino]pentanedioic     acid; facile, facile; -   Factor IIa, Factor IIa; -   FAMP, 2-F-ara-AMP,     2-Fluoro-9-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-9H-purin-6-amine,     2-Fluoro-ARA AMP; -   Fanchinine, (+)-Tetrandrine, (+−)-Tetrandine, (+−)-Tetrandine; -   DL-Tetrandine; -   Farnesyl-PP, (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl     trihydrogen diphosphate, (2E,6E)-Farnesyl diphosphate,     (2E,6E)-Farnesyl pyrophosphate; -   farnesylthiosalicylic acid, farnesylthiosalicylic acid,     S-farnesylthiosalicylic acid, S-trans, trans-farnesylthiosalicylic     acid; -   febuxostat,     2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid,     febuxostat, TEI 6720; -   felbamate, 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate, ADD-03055, Essex     brand of felbamate; -   Felodipine, 1A Brand of Felodipine, AbZ Brand of Felodipine, Agon; -   Fenfluramine, Fenfluramine, Fenfluramine Hydrochloride, Fenfluramine     Hydrochloride, (+−)-Isomer; -   fenitrothion, fenitrothion, MEP, O,0-dimethyl     O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)thiophosphate; -   fenofibric acid, 2-(4-(4′-chlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propionic acid,     fenofibric acid, fenofibric acid potassium salt; -   Fenretinide, 13-cis-Isomer Fenretinide, 4 Hydroxyphenyl-retinamide,     4-HPR; -   Fentanyl, Cephalon Brand of Fentanyl Buccal OraVescent, Fentanest,     Fentanyl; -   ferulic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 8,8′-diferulic acid,     ferulic acid; -   Filipin, Desoxylagosin, Filimarisin, Filipin; -   fingolimod, 2-amino-2-(2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl)-1,3-propanediol     hydrochloride, fingolimod, fingolimod hydrochloride; -   fipronil,     5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile,     fipronil; -   fisetin,     2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one,     3,3′,4′,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone; -   Flanin F, 1H-Purin-6-amine, flavin dinucleotide, 1H-Purin-6-amine,     flavine dinucleotide, Adenine-flavin dinucleotide; -   Flavon, 2-Phenyl-.gamma.-benzopyrone, 2-Phenyl-4-benzopyron,     2-phenyl-4-chromenone; -   flavonols, a flavonol, flavonols; -   flavopiridol,     (−)cis-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-8-(4-(3-hydroxy-1-methyl)piperidinyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     flavopiridol, HMR 1275; -   Flavyl, 1-Propanamine,     3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-,     1-Propanamine,     3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-,     10,11-Dihydro-5-(gamma-dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo(a,d)     cycloheptene; -   FLCZ,     .alpha.-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-.alpha.-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol,     1H-1,2,4-Triazole-1-ethanol,     .alpha.-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-.alpha.-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-,     1H-1,2,4-Triazole-1-ethanol,     alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-; -   Flecamide, 3M Brand of Flecamide Acetate, Alphapharm Brand of     Flecamide Acetate, Alpharma Brand of Flecamide Acetate; -   Floxacillin, Floxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Fluorochloroxacillin; -   flufenamic acid, 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]benzoic acid,     2-[[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]AMINO]BENZOIC ACID,     3′-trifluoromethyldiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid; -   Flunitrazepam, 1A Brand of Flunitrazepam, betapharm Brand of     Flunitrazepam, ct Arzneimittel Brand of Flunitrazepam; fluorexon,     fluorexon; -   Fluorouracil, 5 Fluorouracil, 5 Fluorouracil biosyn, 5 FU Lederle; -   fluvoxamine,     (1E)-5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-one     O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime, fluvoxamine; -   FOLATE-ANALOG, FOLATE-ANALOG; -   fondaparinux, Arixtra, fondaparinux, fondaparinux sodium; -   Fonofos, Dyfonate, Dyphonate, Fonofos; -   Format, 2-Pyridine carboxylic acid, 3,6-dichloro-,     2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 3,6-dichloro-,     3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid; -   Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate, Formyl-Tetrahydrofolate; -   Forskolin, Coleonol, Forskolin; -   fosamprenavir,     (3-(((4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl)(2-methylpropyl)amino)-(phenylmethyl)-2-(phosphonooxy)propyl)carbamic     acid C-(tetrahydro-3-furanyl) ester, fos-amprenavir, fosamprenavir; -   Foscarnet, Foscarnet, Foscarnet Barium (2:3) Salt, Foscarnet Calcium     (2:3) Salt; -   FR 120480, FR 120480; -   FR 235222, FR 235222, FR-235222, FR235222; -   fraxin, fraxin; -   FTY 720P, FTY 720P, FTY-720P, FTY720P; -   fucoidan, fucan sulfate, fucan sulfate Hor-1, fucoidan; -   fulvestrant,     7-(9-(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentylsulfinyl)nonyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol,     AstraZeneca brand of fulvestrant, Faslodex; -   fumagillin,     (2E,4E,6E,8E)-10-({(3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-methoxy-4-[(2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxiran-2-yl]-1-oxaspiro[2.5]oct-6-yl}oxy)-10-oxodeca-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic     acid, 2,4,6,8-decatetraenedioic acid,     4-(1,2-epoxy-1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-5-methoxy-1-oxaspiro(2,5)oct-6-yl     ester, Fugillin; -   Fura-2, Fura 2, Fura-2; -   furafylline, furafylline; -   Furamon, (2-Furylmethyl)trimethylammonium iodide,     2-Furanmethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide,     2-Furanmethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, iodide (9CI); -   Furylfuramide, AF 2, AF-2, AF2; -   Gabexate, Foy, Gabexate, Gabexate Mesilate; -   gadolinium, 64Gd, gadolinio, gadolinium; -   Gadolinium DTPA, Berlex Brand of Gadopentetate Dimeglumine,     Gadolinium Diethylenetriaminepenta acetic Acid, Gadolinium     Diethyl-lenetriaminepenta-acetic Acid; -   galactocerebroside, galactocerebroside; -   galactomannan, galactomannan; -   galangin, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-benzopyran-4-one,     3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one, 3,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone; -   galaturonate, (2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic     acid, (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid,     (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid; -   gallic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid,     Pyrogallol-5-carboxylic acid; -   Gallogen, (1)Benzopyrano (5,4,3-cde) (1)benzopyran-5,10-dione,     2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy-, 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy(1)benzopyrano(5,4,3-cde)     (1)benzopyran-5,10-dione,     2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy(1)benzopyrano(5,4,3-cde)-(1)benzopyran-5,10-dione; -   gambierol, gambierol; -   Gambogic acid, Gambogic acid; -   gamma-butyric-acid, gamma-butyric-acid; -   Ganciclovir, BIOLF-62, BW-759, Cytovene; -   gastrin 17, gastrin 17; -   gatifloxacin,     1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic     acid, AM 1155, AM-1155; -   gefitinib,     4-(3′-chloro-4′-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)quinazoline,     COc1cc2ncnc(Nc3 ccc(F)c(Cl)c3)c2 cc1OCCCN4CCOCC4, gefitinib; -   Geldanamycin,     2-Azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-4,6,10,18,21-pentaene-3,20,22-trione,     9,13-dihydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-,     9-carbamate (8CI),     2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-4,6,10,18,21-pentaene-3,20,22-trione,     9-[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]-13-hydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-,     (4E,6Z,8S,9S,10E,12S,13R,14S,16R)—,     2-Azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-4,6,10,18,21-pentaene-3,20,22-trione,     9-[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]-13-hydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-,     [8S-(4E,6Z,8R*,9R*,10E,12R*,13S*,14R*,16S*)]-; -   Gemfibrozil, 1A Brand of Gemfibrozil, Alphapharm Brand of     Gemfibrozil, Apo Gemfibrozil; -   gemtuzumab, CMA 676, CMA-676, gemtuzumab; -   Gentamicins, G Myticin, G-Myticin, Garamycin; -   gepirone, gepirone; -   geraniol, (2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol,     (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol,     (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol; -   geranylcoumarin, geranylcoumarin; -   Gestodene, 13-ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinor-17     alpha-pregna-4,15-dien-20-yn-3-one, 17-alpha-ethinyl-13-ethyl-17     beta-hydroxy-4,15-gonadien-3-one, Gestoden; -   GF 120918, Elacridar, GF 120918, GF-120918; -   GGTI 298, GGTI 298, GGTI-298; -   GI 129471, GI 129471; -   gingerol, (6)-gingerol, 6-gingerol, gingerol; -   ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside-Rd; -   ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rf; -   ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside-Rg(1), sanchinoside     C(1); -   ginsenoside Rh2, ginsenoside Rh2; -   Ginsenosides, Ginsenosides, Panaxosides, Sanchinosides; -   GLCa, (2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-keto-pipecolinic acid,     (2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-oxo-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid,     (2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-oxo-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; -   Gliclazide, Alphapharm Brand of Gliclazide, Diabrezide, Diaglyk; -   Glumin, (2S)-2,5-diamino-5-keto-valeric acid,     (2S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxo-pentanoic acid,     (2S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid; -   Glyoxal, Ethanedial, Ethanedione, Glyoxal; -   Gnidimacrin, Gnidimacrin; -   GnRH, cystorelin, dirigestran, factrel; -   Go 6976, Go 6976, Go-6976, Go6976; -   gossypol, gossypol; -   GR 79236X,     (2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-[6-[(2-hydroxycyclopentyl)amino]-9-purinyl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol,     (2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-[6-[(2-hydroxycyclopentyl)amino]purin-9-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol,     (2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-[6-[(2-hydroxycyclopentyl)amino]purin-9-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol; -   gramicidin S,     1,10-anhydro(L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-valyl-L-ornithyl-L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-valyl-L-ornithine),     Cyclo(L-valyl-L-ornithyl-L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-valyl-L-ornithyl-L-leucyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl),     Gramicidin C; -   Granisetron,     1-Methyl-N-(endo-9-Methyl-9-Azabicyclo(3.3.1)non-3-yl)-1H-Indazole-3-Carboxamide,     BRL 43694, BRL 43694A; -   Gravistat, Gravistat; -   Grofo, Bonidel, Brodan, Chloropyrifos solution; -   Guggulsterone, (17E)-Pregna-4,17(20)-diene-3,16-dione,     (17E)-pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione,     (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17E)-17-ethylidene-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione; -   GW 4064, GW 4064, GW-4064; -   GW 501516, GW 1516, GW 501516, GW-1516; -   H 89, H 87, H 89, H-87; -   Halan, (R)-2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane,     1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane,     1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-chloro-2-bromoethane; -   halofuginone, 7-bromo-6-chlorofebrifugine, halofuginone,     halofunginone; -   harmine, harmine; -   Harzol, (3beta)-stigmast-5-en-3-ol,     (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R,4R)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol,     (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R,4R)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol; -   hassium, 108Hs, hahnium, hassio; -   HDMTX, ( )Amethopterin, (+)-Amethopterin,     2-[[4-[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl-methyl-amino]benzoyl]amino]glutaric     acid; -   Hecogenin, Hecogenin; -   Hectorol, (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-[(E,     2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-[(E,2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-7a-methyl-1-[(E,1R,4R)-1,4,5-trimethylhex-2-enyl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol; -   Heet, Heet; -   helenalin, helenalin; -   Hemicholinium 3, Hemicholinium, Hemicholinium 3; -   herbimycin, geldanamycin, 17-demethoxy-15-methoxy-11-O-methyl-,     (15R)—, herbimycin, herbimycin A; -   hesperadin, hesperadin; -   HESPERETIN, 3′,5,7-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone,     4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one,     2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-, (S)-,     5,7,3′-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone; -   Hexadimethrine, 1,5-Dimethyl-1,5-Diazaundecamethylene     Polymethobromide, Hexadimethrine, Hexadimethrine Bromide; -   hexarelin, hexarelin; -   Hgln, (+−)-Glutamine, (2R)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid,     .gamma.-Glutamine; -   himbacine, himbacine, NSC-23969, NSC23969; -   Hk, Hk; -   Hocus, (−) (5.alpha.,     6.alpha.)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol,     (−)-Heroin hydrochloride, (−)-Morphine; -   HOE 33342, H33342, HOE 33342, HOE-33342; -   honokiol, honokiol; -   Horner,     (+)-(5Z,7E)-26,26,26,27,27,27-Hexafluoro-9,10-secocholesta-5,     7,10(19)-triene-1alpha,3beta,25-triol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(R,3aS,7aR)-7a-methyl-1-[(R)-6,6,6-trifluoro-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)hexyl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-7a-methyl-1-[(11R)-6,6,6-trifluoro-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)hexyl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol; -   HS1200, HS1200, HS-1200, HS1200; -   HU 211, 1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol,     1,1-dimethylheptyl-7-hydroxy-delta(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol,     11-hydroxy-delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl; -   HyateC, antihemophilic factor, blood coagulation factor viii,     coagulation factor viii; -   Hydroxin, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxy-methyl)pyridine,     2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine,     2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)pyridine; -   hydride, hydride, hydrogen anion; -   Hydromorphone, Dihydromorphinone, Dilaudid, Hydromorphon; -   Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxychlorochin, Hydroxychloroquine,     Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate; -   hydroxycotinine, 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone,     3′-hydroxycotinine, hydroxycotinine; -   hydroxylamine, dihydridohydroxidonitrogen, H2NHO, HYDROXYAMINE; -   Hydroxytryptophol, Hydroxytryptophol; -   Hyhorin, Conestoral, Conjugated Estrogens, Conjugated estrogens: -   sodium estrone sulfate; -   Hypaque, 3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodo-benzoic acid; sodium,     3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid; sodium, Diatrizoate;     hyperforin, hyperforin, octahydrohyperforin, tetrahydrohyperforin; -   hypericin, hypericin, mono-(123I)iodohypericin; -   Hypericum-perforatum, Hypericum-perforatum; -   hypochlorous acid, Chlor(I)-saeure, chloranol, HClO; -   iberin, iberin; -   IBMX, 1-methyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione,     1-methyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione,     1-methyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-7H-purine-2,6-dione; -   ibopamine, Escandine, ibopamine, ibopamine hydrochloride; -   ibudilast, 3-isobutyryl-2-isopropylpyrazolo(1,5-a)pyridine,     ibudilast, KC 404; -   IC 831423, IC 831423; -   icariin, icariin; -   icaritin, icaritin; -   icilin, AG-3-5 compound, icilin; -   ICRF 193, ICRF 193; -   IDS 23, IDS 23, IDS-23, Rheuma-Hek; -   Ifosfamide, Asta Z 4942, Holoxan, Ifosfamide; -   Ikarugamycin, Ikarugamycin; -   ilimaquinone, ilimaquinone; -   Iloprost, Ciloprost, CoTherix Brand of Iloprost, Iloprost; -   Imadyl, (+−)-6-Chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid,     (.+−.)-6-Chloro-.alpha.-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid,     2-(6-Chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)propanoic acid; -   imatinib, CGP 57148, CGP-57148, CGP57148B; -   imidafenacin, imidafenacin, KRP 197, KRP-197; -   imidazo-pyridine, imidazo-pyridine; -   imidazolidin-2-one, 1,3-ethyleneurea, 2-imidazolidinone,     2-imidazolidone; -   imidazolidin-one, imidazolidin-one; -   imidazolidine, C1CNCN1, imidazolidine; -   Imidazoline, Imidazoline; -   imidazolyl-disulfide, imidazolyl-disulfide; -   Imipenem, Anhydrous Imipenem, Imipemide, Imipenem; -   Imizin,     10,11-Dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-propanamine     hydrochloride,     3-(5,6-dihydrobenzo[b][1]benzazepin-11-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-propan-1-amine     hydrochloride,     3-(5,6-dihydrobenzo[b][1]benzazepin-11-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine     hydrochloride; -   Immulina, Immulina; -   Immunoferon, Immunoferon, Immunoferon; -   Impulsin, Anandamide (16:0), Hexadecanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-,     Hydroxyethylpalmitamide; -   Imrecoxib, Imrecoxib; -   Imutex, 1,3-Diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene,     1,3-Diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene-, 1,3-Diazole; -   Indinavir, Crixivan, Indinavir, Indinavir Sulfate; -   indiplon, indiplon, NBI 34060; -   indirubin, indigo red, indirubin; -   indole-3-acetic acid, 1H-indol-3-ylacetic acid,     2-(indol-3-yl)ethanoic acid, 3-Indolylessigsaeure; -   indole-3-methanol, 1H-indol-3-ylmethanol, 3-hydroxymethylindole,     3-indolylcarbinol; -   indolin-2-one,     3Z-3-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-methylidene)-1-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-1,     3-2H-indol-2-one, indolin-2-one, tetrahydroindolinone; -   indolin-one, indolin-one; -   infliximab, Centocor brand of infliximab, Essex brand of infliximab,     infliximab; -   inhibin B, inhibin B; -   INOmax, Amidogen, oxo-, INOmax, Mononitrogen monoxide; -   inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate,     inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate; -   inulin, (1,2-beta-D-fructosyl)n, (2,1-beta-D-Fructosyl)n,     (2->1)-beta-D-fructofuranan; -   Iodoacetamide, Iodoacetamide; -   iodomethane, CH3I, Iodmethan, iodomethane; -   iodoresiniferatoxin, I-RTX cpd, iodo-resiniferatoxin,     iodoresiniferatoxin; -   Ionomycin, Ionomycin, SQ 23377, SQ-23377; -   ionophore, ionophore, ionophores; -   Iopanoic Acid, Cholevid, Iodopanoic Acid, Iopagnost; -   Iophendylate, Ethiodan, Iodophendylate, Iofendylate; -   IPADE, 1H-Purin-6-amine, N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-, 1H-Purin-6-amine,     N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-(9CI),     3-methylbut-2-enyl-(7H-purin-6-yl)amine; -   IPOMEANOL, 1-(3-Furanyl)-4-hydroxy-1-pentanone,     1-(3-Furyl)-4-hydroxy-1-pentanone,     1-(3-Furyl)-4-hydroxy-4-pentanone; -   Iressa,     (3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-[7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)quinazolin-4-yl]amine,     4-(3′-Chloro-4′-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-(3-morpholinopropoxy)quinazoline,     4-Quinazolinamine,     N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-7-methoxy-6-(3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxy)-; -   irinotecan, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, ALIRI cpd, Camptosar; -   irisolidone, irisolidone; -   Isatin, 1H-Indole-2,3-dione, 2,3-Diketoindoline,     2,3-Dioxo-2,3-dihydroindole; -   isaxonine, isaxonine, isopropylamino-2-pyrimidine phosphate,     N-isopropyl-amino-2-pyrimidine orthophosphate; -   isoamylol, 1-HYDROXY-3-METHYLBUTANE, 3-methyl-1-butanol,     3-methylbutan-1-ol; isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine,     isobutyl-methyl-Xanthine; -   Isodonol,     (1S,4AR,5S,6S,14S)-1,5,6,14-tetrahydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-8-methylenedecahydro-1H-6,11b-(epoxymethano)-6a,9-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalen-7(8H)-one,     Isodonol, Oridonin; -   isoflavone, 3-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     3-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one, 3-Phenylchromone; -   isoflurane, 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether,     2-chloro-2-difluoromethoxy-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, Aerrane; -   Isol, ( )-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol, (+−)-2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol,     (4r)-2-Methylpentane-2,4-Diol; -   Isoliquiritigenin,     (2E)-1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one,     (2E)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one,     (E)-1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one; -   isometronidazole, isometronidazole; -   isoprenoids, isoprenoid, isoprenoids; -   Isopropyl Thiogalactoside, IPTG, Isopropyl 1 Thio beta D     galactopyranoside, Isopropyl 1-Thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside; -   Isoprostanes, Isoprostane, Isoprostanes; -   Isorhamnetin, Isorhamnetin; -   isosilybin A, isosilybin A, isosilybin B; -   Isosorbide Dinitrate, Cardonit 40, Dilatrate, Iso Bid; -   isothiocyanates, isothiocyanates; -   Isotretinoin, 13 cis Retinoic Acid, 13-cis-Retinoic Acid, Accutane; -   Isradipine, Dynacirc, Isradipine, Isradipine, (+−)-Isomer; -   istradefylline,     8-(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl)-1,3-diethyl-3,7-dihydro-7-methyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione,     istradefylline, KW 6002; -   Itraconazole, Itraconazole, R 51211, R-51211; -   ivabradine,     7,8-dimethoxy-3-(3-(((4,5-dimethoxybenzocyclobutan-1-yl)methyl)methylamino)propyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzazepin-2-one,     ivabradine, S 16257; -   Ivermectin, Eqvalan, Ivermectin, Ivermectin Merck Brand; -   ixabepilone, BMS 247550, BMS-247550, BMS247550; -   jadomycin B,     (1S,3aS)-1-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-7-hydroxy-1,3a,5-trimethyl-2,8,13-trioxo-1,2,8,13-tetrahydro-3aH-benzo[b][1,3]oxazolo[3,2-f]phenanthridin-12-yl     2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside, jadomycin B; -   Jexin, (+) Tubocurarine, (+)-Tubocurarine, 13H-4,     6:21,24-Dietheno-8,12-metheno-1H-pyrido(3′,2′:14,15)     (1,11)dioxacycloeicosino(2,3,4-ij)isoquinolinium,     2,3,13a,14,15,16,25,25a-octahydro-9,19-dihydroxy-18,29-dimethoxy-1,     14,14-trimethyl-, (13aR,25aS)-; -   JHW 015,1-propyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, JHW 015, JHW-015; -   JTE 013, JTE 013, JTE-013, JTE013; -   K 252, 3′-(S)-epi-K-252a, K 252, K 252a; -   K-PAM, 2-Propenamide, 2-Propenamide, homopolymer, 2-Propeneamide; -   K-SR, Acronitol, Addi-K, Apo-K; -   kaempferol, 3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone,     3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one,     4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one,     3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7,4′-Trihydroxyflavonol; -   kaempferol-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-1-rhamnopyranoside),     kaempferol-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-1-rhamnopyranoside), KTARP     cpd; -   KAFA, 1-Acetamido-4-ethoxybenzene, 1-Acetyl-p-phenetidin,     4&#8242;-Ethoxyacetanilide; -   Kaken,     (1S-(1alpha(S*),3alpha,5beta))-4-(2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-oxo-cyclohexyl))-2-hydroxyethyl-2,6-piperidinedione,     .beta.-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]glutarimide,     2,6-Piperidinedione,     4-(2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-,     (1S-(1alpha(S*),3alpha,5beta))-; -   Kamalin,     (E)-1-(6-((3-Acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-8-yl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one,     (E)-1-[6-(3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methyl-benzyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chromen-8-yl]-3-phenyl-prop-2-en-1-one,     (E)-1-[6-[(3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)methyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chromen-8-yl]-3-phenyl-prop-2-en-1-one; -   Kaolin, Kaolin, Kaolinite; -   Kathon 886, Kathon 886, Kathon 886 biocide, Kathon biocide; -   KB 141, KB 141, KB-141, KB141 cpd; -   Kemi, (+−)-Propranolol,     (+−)-1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(naphthyloxy)propan-2-ol,     (2S)-1-naphthalen-1-yloxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol; -   kenpaullone, 1-azakenpaullone, 9-bromo-7,12-dihydroindolo(3,2-d)     (1)benzazepin-6(5H)-one, kenpaullone; -   Ketamine, 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone, Calipsol,     Calypsol; -   Keto-desogestrel, Keto-desogestrel; -   Keto-pgflalpha, Keto-pgflalpha; -   ketoglutarate, .alpha.-Ketoglutaric acid, .alpha.-Oxoglutaric acid,     2-ketoglutarate; -   Kipca, 1,4-naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-, 1,4-Naphthalenedione,     2-methyl-, radical ion(1−), 1,4-Naphthoquinone, 2-methyl-; -   KMD 3213,     1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-5-(2-(2-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenoxy)ethylamino)propyl)indoline-7-carboxamide,     KMD 3213, KMD-3213; -   KMTB, 2-keto-4-(methylthio)butyric acid, 2-Keto-4-methylthiobutanoic     acid, 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate; -   Kojic acid, 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one,     2-Hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-gamma-pyrone, 4H-Pyran-4-one,     5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-; -   KR-31543,     (2S,3R,4S)-6-amino-4-(N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)amino)-3,4-dihydro-2-dimethoxymethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran,     KR-31543; -   KRM 1648, KRM 1648; -   L 365260, L 365260; -   L     740,093,1-[(3R)-5-(3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-3-yl)-1-methyl-2-oxo-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]-3-(3-methylphenyl)urea,     1-[(3R)-5-(3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-3-yl)-2-keto-1-methyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]-3-(3-methylphenyl)urea,     L 740,093; -   L-454,560, L-454,560; -   L-696,474, 1H-Cycloundec[d]isoindol-1-one,     15-(acetyloxy)-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,9,10,11,12,15-dodecahydro-6-hydroxy-4,10,12-trimethyl-5-methylene-3-(phenylmethyl)-,     (3R*,3aS*,4R*,6R*,6aS*,7E,10R*,12R*,13E,15S*,15aS*), Cytochalasin,     L-696,474; -   L-T3,     (2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-phenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-phenyl]propanoic     acid,     (2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-phenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-phenyl]propionic     acid,     (2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic     acid; -   LAAM, (−)-6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol acetate(ester),     (−)-alpha-Acetylmethadol,     (1S,4S)-4-(dimethylamino)-1-ethyl-2,2-diphenylpentyl acetate; -   lacidipine, Boehringer Ingelheim Brand of Lacidipine, Caldine,     GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Lacidipine; -   lactacystin, lactacystin; -   lactisole, lactisole; -   lamotrigine, 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine,     BW-430C, Crisomet; -   Lanol, (−)-Cholesterol, (3beta)-cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3H)-Cholesterol; -   lansoprazole,     2-(((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl)methyl)sulfinyl)-1H-benzimidazole,     Abbot Brand of Lansoprazole, AG 1749; -   lapatinib, GW 572016, lapatinib,     N-(3-chloro-4-((3-fluorophenyl)methoxy)phenyl)-6-(5-(((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-2-furanyl)-4-quinazolinamine; -   laquinimod, laquinimod; -   latrunculin A, latrunculin A; -   latrunculin B, LAT-B, latrunculin B; -   lavendustin A, lavendustin A; -   LBH589, LBH 589, LBH589, NVP-LBH589; -   leflunomide, Arava, Aventis Behring Brand of Leflunomide, Aventis     Brand of Leflunomide; -   lenalidomide, 2,6-Piperidinedione,     3-(4-amino-1,3-dihydro-1-oxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-,     3-(4-Amino-1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione, CC 5013; -   Lendorm, 2-Bromo-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno(3,2-f)     (1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a) (1,4)diazepine,     2-bromo-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine,     2-Bromo-4-(o-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno(3,2-f)-s-triazolo(4,3-a)     (1,4)diazepine; -   Lentinan, Lentinan; -   leptomycin B, leptomycin B; -   Leucovorin, 5 Formyltetrahydrofolate, 5     Formyltetrahydropteroylglutamate, 5-Formyltetrahydrofolate; -   Leukotriene C4, Leukotriene C, Leukotriene C 1, Leukotriene C 4; -   Leukotriene D4, Leukotriene D, Leukotriene D 4, Leukotriene D-4; -   leukotrienes, leucotriene, leucotrienes, Leukotrien; -   Leupeptin,     (2S)—N-[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl]-2-[(1-formyl-4-guanidinobutyl)amino]-4-methylpentanamide,     (2S)—N-[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methyl-pentanoyl]-2-[(1-formyl-4-guanidino-butyl)amino]-4-methyl-pentanamide,     (2S)—N-[(2S)-2-acetamido-4-methyl-pentanoyl]-2-[(1-formyl-4-guanidino-butyl)amino]-4-methyl-valeramide; -   Levamisole, Decaris, Dekaris, L-Tetramisole; -   Levitra,     2-(2-Ethoxy-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl-1-sulfonyl)phenyl)-5-methyl-7-propyl-3H-imidazo(5,1-f)     (1,2,4)triazin-4-one,     2-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl-phenyl]-5-methyl-7-propyl-1H-imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-one,     2-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonylphenyl]-5-methyl-7-propyl-1H-imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-one; -   levobupivacaine, Abbott Brand of Levobupivacaine Hydrochloride, -   Chirocaine, levobupivacaine; -   Levonorgestrel, Alcala Brand of Levonorgestrel, Aventis Pharma Brand     of Levonorgestrel, Berlex Brand of Levonorgestrel; -   levugen, (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3,4-triol,     2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3,4-triol,     2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triol; -   liarozole, liarozole; -   Lidocaine, 2 2EtN 2MePhAcN,     2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)Acetamide, 2-2EtN-2MePhAcN; -   lilopristone, 98,73, lilopristone, ZK 98.734; -   Lipoate, (+)-alpha-Lipoic acid, (R)-( )-1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic     acid, (R)-(+)-Lipoate; -   Lipofectamine, LF 2000, LF-2000, LF2000; -   lipoteichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid; -   Lipoxins, Lipoxin, Lipoxins; -   lissamine rhodamine B, lissamine rhodamine B; -   lithocholic acid, (3alpha,5beta)-3-hydroxycholan-24-oic acid,     3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid,     3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid; -   LMWH,     6-[5-acetamido-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3-[5-(6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-sulfooxy-oxan-2-yl)oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(sulfoamino)-4-sulfooxy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-sulfooxy-oxane-2-carboxylic     acid,     6-[5-acetamido-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3-[5-(6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-sulfooxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(sulfoamino)-4-sulfooxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-sulfooxyoxane-2-carboxylic     acid,     6-[5-acetamido-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(sulfooxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-3-[5-(6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(sulfoamino)-4-sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-sulfooxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carboxyli; -   LNAC, (2R)-2-acetamido-3-mercapto-propionic acid,     (2R)-2-acetamido-3-mercaptopropanoic acid,     (2R)-2-Acetamido-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid; -   lonafarnib,     4-(2-(4-(8-chloro-3,10-dibromo-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo-(5,6)-cyclohepta(1,2-b)-pyridin-11(R)-yl)-1-piperidinyl)-2-oxo-ethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxamide,     lonafarnib, SCH 66336; -   Loperamide, Imodium, Loperamide, Loperamide Hydrochloride; -   lopinavir, A-157378.0, ABT 378, ABT-378; -   Loratadine,     4-(8-Chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo(5,6)cyclohepta(1,2-b)pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperidinecarboxylic     Acid Ethyl Ester, Alavert, Claritin; -   Lorazepam, AHP Brand of Lorazepam, Apo Lorazepam, Apo-Lorazepam; -   Lorex, DEA No. 2783, Imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine-3-acetamide,     N,N,6-trimethyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-, Lorex; -   lorglumide, lorglumide; -   Losartan, 2-Butyl-4-chloro-1-((2′-(1H-etrazol-5-yl)     (1,1′-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-methanol, Cozaar, DuP     753; -   Lovan, (     )-N-Methyl-gamma-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]benzenepropanamine     hydrochloride,     (+−)-Methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine     hydrochloride,     (+−)-N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propylamine     hydrochloride; -   loxiglumide, loxiglumide; -   LUF 5831, LUF 5831, LUF5831; -   lupeol, lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, lup-20(29)-en-3beta-ol,     lup-20(29)-ene-3alpha-ol; -   luteolin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-benzopyrone,     2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one; -   LY 117018,6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thien-3-yl     4-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)phenyl ketone, Lilly 117018, LY 117018; -   LY 293111,     2-(2-propyl-3-(3-(2-ethyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxyphenoxy)propoxy)phenoxy)benzoic     acid, LY 293111, LY-293111; -   LY231514, LY231514; -   LYCOPENE,     (6Z,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18Z,20E,22Z,24E,26Z)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene,     .psi.,.psi.-Carotene,     2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-Dotriacontamidecaene,     2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-, (all-E)-; -   lysophosphatidic acid, 1-O-oleyllysophosphatidic acid,     1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid, LPA (lysophosphatidic acid); -   Lysophosphatidylcholines, Lysolecithins, Lysophosphatidylcholine,     Lysophosphatidylcholines; -   Lysophosphatidylglycerol, Lysophosphatidylglycerol; -   lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl-alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl-lysyl-lysyl-arginine,     lysyl-arginyl-alanyl-lysyl-alanyl-lysyl-threonyl-threonyl-lysyl-lysyl-arginine; -   M&B22948,     1,4-Dihydro-5-(2-propoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-triazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidin-7-one,     1,4-Dihydro-5-(2-propoxyphenyl)-7H-1,2,3-triazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidin-7-one,     1,4-Dihydro-5-(2-propoxyphenyl)-7H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-7-one; -   Malix,     1,2,3,4,7,7-Hexachlorobicyclo(2.2.1)hepten-5,6-bioxymethylenesulfite,     1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol cyclic sulfite,     1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-8,9,10-trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylenedimethyl     sulphite; -   manidipine, 2-(4-diphenylmethyl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl     methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate,     CV 4093, CV-4093; -   manumycin, manumycin, manumycin A, UCFI-C; -   maraviroc,     4,4-difluoro-N-((1S)-3-(exo-3-(3-isopropyl-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-8-yl)-1-phenylpropyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide,     maraviroc, Pfizer Brand of maraviroc; -   Matrine, (+)-Matrine, .alpha.-Matrine, Matrene, (+)-; -   MCYST-LR,     (5R,8S,11R,12S,15S,18S,19S,22R)-15-(3-guanidinopropyl)-8-isobutyl-18-[(1E,3E,5S,6S)-6-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-7-phenyl-hepta-1,3-dienyl]-1,5,12,19-tetramethyl-2-methylene-3,6,9,13,16,20,25-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,14,17,21-heptazacyclopentacosane-11,22-dicarboxylic,     (5R,8S,11R,12S,15S,18S,19S,22R)-15-(3-guanidinopropyl)-8-isobutyl-18-[(1E,3E,5S,6S)-6-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-7-phenylhepta-1,3-dienyl]-1,5,12,19-tetramethyl-2-methylene-3,6,9,13,16,20,25-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,14,17,21-heptazacyclopentacosane-11,22-dicarboxylic,     (5R,8S,11R,12S,15S,18S,19S,22R)-15-(3-guanidinopropyl)-8-isobutyl-3,6,9,13,16,20,25-heptaketo-18-[(1E,3E,5S,6S)-6-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-7-phenyl-hepta-1,3-dienyl]-1,5,12,19-tetramethyl-2-methylene-1,4,7,10,14,17,21-heptazacyclopentacosane-11,22-dicarboxyli; -   Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2, Me-nle-asp-phe-NH2; -   mead ethanolamide, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoyl ethanolamide(Z,Z,Z)—, mead     ethanolamide; -   MeAsO(OH)2, Arsonic acid, methyl-, DSMA (JMAF), MeAsO(OH)₂; -   Mebumal, 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione,     5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-,     5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-5-(1-methylbutyl)pyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione,     5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione; -   Mechlorethamine, Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, Caryolysine,     Chlorethazine; -   Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate, (6     alpha)-17-(Acetoxy)-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 6 alpha Methyl     17alpha hydroxyprogesterone Acetate,     6-alpha-Methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone Acetate; -   Mefenamic Acid, Antigen Brand of Mefenamic Acid, Apo Mefenamic,     Apo-Mefenamic; -   Megalomicin,     (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-4-[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-[(2S,4R,6S)-4-dimethylamino-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy-14-ethyl-12,13-dihydroxy-3,5,7,9,     (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-4-[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-7-[(2S,4R,6S)-4-dimethylamino-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy,     (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-4-[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-7-[(2S,4R,6S)-4-dimethylamino-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy; -   Melarsoprol, Arsobal, MeI B, Melarsenoxid BAL; -   Melatol, 5-Methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, Acetamide,     N-(2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-(9CI), Acetamide,     N-(2-(5-methoxyindol-3-yl)ethyl)-; -   meletin, 117-39-5 (NEUTRAL),     2-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-chromen-4-one,     2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4-chromenone; -   melitten, D008555, melitten, melittin; -   meloxicam, Abbott brand of meloxicam, Almirall brand of meloxicam,     Boehringer Ingelheim brand of meloxicam; -   Melphalan, 4-(Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenylalanine, Alkeran, L-PAM; -   Memantine, 1,3-Dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane,     1-Amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane, Axura; -   menadiol, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone,     2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinol, dihydrovitamin K3; -   Menhaden oil, Menhaden oil; -   menthofuran, menthofuran; -   Meperidine, Demerol, Dolantin, Dolargan; -   Mephenyloin, 5 Ethyl 3 Methyl 5 Phenylhydantoin,     5-Ethyl-3-Methyl-5-Phenylhydantoin, Mefenetoin; -   mesalamine, 3-carboxy-4-hydroxyaniline, 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic     acid, 5-Aminosalicylic acid; -   Mesaton, (−)-m-Hydroxy-alpha-(methylaminomethyl)benzyl alcohol,     (R)-2-Hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylethylamine,     3-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]phenol; -   Meth, (+)-methylamphetamine, (+)-(s)-deoxyephedrine,     (+)-(s)-n-alpha-dimethylphenethylamine; -   methanandamide, methanandamide; -   methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium,     2-aminoethylmethanethiosulfonate, AEMTS cpd, methanethiosulfonate     ethylamine; -   Methimazole, 1 Methyl 2 mercaptoimidazole,     1-Methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole, Eli Lilly Brand of Methimazole; -   methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine; -   Methorphan, (−)-3-Methoxy-N-methylmorphinan,     3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan, 3-METHOXY-N-METHYLMORPHINAN, (−)-; -   Methoxsalen, 8 Methoxypsoralen, 8 MOP, 8-Methoxypsoralen; -   Methoxy-psoralen, Methoxy-psoralen; -   methoxyamine, methoxyamine; -   methoxychlor,     1,1′-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-methoxybenzene),     1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-anisyl)ethane,     1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane; -   methoxymorphinan, methoxymorphinan; -   methyl chloroformate, methyl chloroformate; -   Methyl glycine, (Methoxycarbonyl)methylamine, 2-aminoacetic acid     methyl ester, Glycine methyl ester; -   Methyl paraben, Methyl paraben; -   methyl salicylate, 3M brand of methyl salicylate, esparma brand of     methyl salicylate, Hevert brand of methyl salicylate; -   methyl tryptophan, 2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propionic acid methyl     ester, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid methyl ester,     2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propionic acid methyl ester; -   methyl-dopa, methyl-dopa; -   methyl-phosphorothioate, methyl-phosphorothioate; -   methyl-Pyridinium, methyl-Pyridinium; -   methylamine, aminomethane, methylamine, methylamine bisulfite; -   Methylamylnitrosamine, 1-Pentanamine, N-methyl-N-nitroso-,     Methyl-N-amylnitrosamine, Methyl-N-pentylnitrosamine; -   Methylene-tetrahydrofolate, Methylene-tetrahydrofolate; -   methylenetetrahydrofolates, methylenetetrahydrofolate,     methylenetetrahydrofolates; -   methylglyoxal, 1,2-propanedione, 2-Ketopropionaldehyde,     2-oxopropanal; -   methylnaltrexone,     17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5-epoxy-3,14-dihydroxymorphinanium-6-one,     methyl-naltrexone hydrobromide, methylnaltrexone; -   methyloxidanyl, CH3-O(.), methoxy, methoxy radical; -   methylparaben, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, methyl     p-hydroxybenzoate, methylparaben; -   methylphosphate, methyl phosphate disodium salt, hexahydrate,     methylphosphate, methylphosphate diammonium salt; -   Methylprednisolone, 6 Methylprednisolone, 6-Methylprednisolone,     Medrol; -   methylxanthines, methylxanthines; -   Metoclopramide, 4     Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide,     Cerucal, Maxolon; -   Metopiron, 1,2-Di-3-pyridyl-2-methyl-1-propanone, 1-Propanone,     1,2-di-3-pyridyl-2-methyl-, 1-Propanone,     2-methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-; -   Metribolone, 17 BETA HYDROXY 17 ALPHA METHYLESTRA 4 9 11 TRIEN 3     ONE, 17 beta-Hydroxy-17 alpha-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one,     Methyltrienolone; -   mevalonic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, mevalonic     acid; -   micafungin, FK 463, FK-463, FK463; -   miconazole,     1-(2,4-Dichloro-beta-((2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)phenethyl)imidazole,     1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole,     Clc1ccc(COC(Cn2 ccnc2)c3 ccc(Cl)cc3Cl)c(Cl)c1; -   Mictonorm, (1-methyl-4-piperidyl) 2,2-diphenyl-2-propoxy-acetate     hydrochloride, (1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)     2,2-diphenyl-2-propoxy-ethanoate hydrochloride,     (1-methylpiperidin-4-yl) 2,2-diphenyl-2-propoxyacetate     hydrochloride; -   Midazolam, Dormicum, Midazolam, Midazolam Hydrochloride; -   Mifepristone, Contragest Brand of Mifepristone, Danco Brand of     Mifepristone, Exelgyn Brand of Mifepristone; -   MIII, 6-Methyl-5,7-dimethylthiopyrrolo[1,2-a]1,4-diazine,     7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylsulfanyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine,     7-Methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine; -   Milrinone, Corotrop, Corotrope, Milrinone; -   Mimosine, Leucaenine, Leucaenol, Leucenine; -   mirtazapine, (N-methyl-11C)mirtazapine, 6-azamianserin, Celltech     brand of mirtazapine; -   Mit-C, 7-Amino-9.alpha.-methoxymitosane, Ametycin, Ametycine;     mithramycin,     (1S)-5-deoxy-1-C-[(2S,3S)-7-{[2,6-dideoxy-3-O-(2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl]oxy}-3-{[2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabi,     aureolic acid, Mithracin; -   MitoTracker-Red, MitoTracker-Red; -   Mitoxantrone, AHP Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride, Amgen Brand     of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride, ASTA Medica Brand of Mitoxantrone     Hydrochloride; -   mizolastine, Allphar brand of mizolastine, Galderma brand of     mizolastine, Mistalin; -   MLN8054, 4-((9-chloro-7-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5H-pyrimidol(5,4-d)     (2)benzazepin-2-yl)amino)benzoic acid, MLN8054; -   mofarotene,     4-((2-(p-((E)-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)propenyl)phenoxy)ethyl))morpholine,     arotinoid Ro 40-8757, mofarotene; -   Monensin, Coban, Monensin, Monensin A Sodium Complex; -   mono-N-demethyladinazolam, mono-N-demethyladinazolam; -   mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, (2-ethylhexyl)hydrogen phthalate,     1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester,     2-(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonyl)benzoic acid; -   monoethylglycinexylidide, ethylglycylxylidide, L 86, L-86; -   monomethylarsonic acid, disodium methanearsonate, methanearsonic     acid, methylarsonate; -   monoterpenes, monoterpene, monoterpenes; -   monuron, 1,1-Dimethyl-3-(p-chlorophenyl)urea,     3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea,     3-(p-Chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; -   MORIN, 2′,3,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone,     2′,4′,3,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone, 2′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavan-3-ol; -   morpholine, C1COCCN1, morpholine, Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine; -   morusin, morusin; -   motexafin gadolinium, (PB-7-11-233′2′4)-bis(acetato-kappaO)     (9,10-diethyl-20,21-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-4,15-dimethyl-8,11-imino-3,     6:16,13-dinitrilo-1,18-benzodiazacycloeicosine-5,14-dipropanolato-kappaN(1),kappaN(18),kappaN(23),kappaN(24),kappaN(25))gadolinium,     bis(acetato-kappaO){3,3′-[4,5-d]ethyl-16,17-bis{2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-10,23-dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1(3,6).1(8,11).0(14,19)]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(26),     12,14,16, 18,20,22 (25),23-tridecaene-9,24-diyl-kappa(5)N(13),N(2,     gadolinium texaphyrin; -   Motuporin, Motuporin; -   moxifloxacin,     1-cyclopropyl-7-(2,8-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-8-yl)-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic     acid, Actira, Avalox; -   MPEG, 1,2-Dihydroxyethane, 1,2-Ethanediol, 146AR; -   Muraglitazar, Muraglitazar; -   mutalipocin II, ML-II, mutalipocin II; -   mycophenolic acid, mycophenolic acid; -   Mycose, .alpha.,.alpha.-Trehalose, .alpha.-D-Glucopyranoside,     .alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl, .alpha.-D-Trehalose; -   Myocol,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-9-purinyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol,     (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol; -   myricetin, 3,3′,4′,5,5′,7-Hexahydroxyflavone,     3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-Hexahydroxyflavone,     3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one; -   myxothiazol, myxothiazol; -   N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide,     N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide, NS 398, NS-398; -   N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide,     N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide; -   N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide,     MK 0364, MK-0364, MK0364; -   N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide,     N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide, SB 366791, SB366791; -   N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone, 3-oxo-C12-HSL, 3-oxo-C8-HSL,     30-C12-HSL; -   N-(4-(6-(4-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)acetamide,     AMG 628, AMG-628, AMG628; -   N-(4-(6-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide,     AMG 517, AMG-517, AMG517; -   N-(4-cyano-benzo(b)thiophene-2-carbonyl)guanidine, KR-33028,     N-(4-cyano-benzo(b)thiophene-2-carbonyl)guanidine; -   N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide,     BMS 387032, BMS-387032, BMS387032; -   N-acetylcysteine lysinate, L-NAC, N-acetylcysteine L-lysinate,     N-acetylcysteine lysinate; -   n-acetylmuramyl-1-alanyl-d-isoglutamine,     4-[2-[2-(3-acetylamino-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methylol-tetrahydropyran-4-yl)oxypropanoylamino]propanoylamino]-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic     acid,     4-[2-[2-[3-acetylamino-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxypropanoylamino]propanoylamino]-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic     acid,     4-[2-[2-[3-acetylamino-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-4-yl]oxy-1-oxo-propyl]amino-1-oxo-propyl]amino-5-amino-5-oxo-pentanoic     acid; -   N-acetylneuraminic acid,     5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid,     5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic     acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid; -   N-desmethylclobazam, demethylclobazam, N-desmethylclobazam,     norclobazam; -   N-ethylmaleimide, 1-ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, Ethylmaleimide,     N-ethylmaleimide; -   N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide,     N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide; -   N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide, MS-PPOH,     N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide; -   N-oleoyldopamine, N-oleoyldopamine; -   N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, 1-anilinonaphthalene,     1-N-phenylnaphthylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine; -   N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, CN(C)CCN(C)C,     N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine,     N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine; -   N(6)-cyclohexyl-2-O-methyladenosine,     N(6)-cyclohexyl-2-O-methyladenosine, SDZ WAG-994, SDZ-WAG-994; -   N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine, N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine; -   N3-IQ, (3-methylpyrido[3,2-e]benzimidazol-2-yl)amine,     2-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f)quinoline,     2-Amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)-quinoline; -   Nadroparin, CY 216, CY-216, CY216; -   naftifine, N-cinnamyl-N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine     hydrochloride, naftifin, naftifine; -   nal-NH2, nal-NH2; -   NALS, Akyposal SDS, Anticerumen, Aquarex ME; -   nanchangmycin, nanchangmycin; -   Naproxen, Aleve, Anaprox, Methoxypropiocin; -   naratriptan,     N-methyl-2-(3-(1-methylpiperiden-4-yl)indole-5-yl)ethanesulfonamide,     N-methyl-2-[3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]-ethanesulfonamide,     N-methyl-2-[3-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-indol-5-yl]ethanesulfonamide; -   narbonolide, narbonolide; -   NARIGENIN, ( )-Naringenin; 4?,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone;     H-1-benzopyran-4-one, (     )-2,3-Dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     ( )-Naringenin; -   Narkotil, Aerothene MM, Dichlormethan, Dichlorocarbene; -   Nasol, (+−)-Ephedrine, (−)-.alpha.-(1-Methylaminoethyl)benzyl     alcohol, (−)-Ephedrine; -   natalizumab, Antegren, natalizumab, Tysabri; -   nateglinide, A 4166, A-4166, AY 4166; -   Naxy,     (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy-14-ethyl-12,13-dihydroxy-4-[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-7-methoxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-di,     (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-14-ethyl-12,13-dihydroxy-4-[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-7-methoxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacy,     (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12R,13S,14R)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-dimethylamino-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-14-ethyl-12,13-dihydroxy-4-[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-7-methoxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-1-oxacy; -   nebivolol,     alpha,alpha′-(iminobis(methylene))bis(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-methanol,     Berlin-Chemie brand of nebivolol hydrochloride, Lobivon; -   Nefazodone,     1-(3-(4-(m-Chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)propyl)-3-ethyl-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-delta2-1,2,4-triazolin-5-one,     2-[3-[4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-5-ethyl-2,4-dihydro-4-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one,     2-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl]-5-ethyl-4-[2-(phenoxy)ethyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-one; -   nefiracetam, DM 9384, DM-9384,     N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide; -   Nelfinavir, AG 1343, AG-1343, AG1343; -   Neomycin, Fradiomycin Sulfate, Neomycin, Neomycin Palmitate; -   Neopterin, 2-Amino-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-4(3H)-pteridinone,     Monapterin, Neopterin; -   Neostigmine, Neostigmine, Neostigmine Bromide, Neostigmine     Methylsulfate; -   Neut, Acidosan, Baking soda, Bisodium carbonate; -   Nevirapine, BI RG 587, BI-RG-587, BIRG587; -   NFBA,     .alpha.,.alpha.,.alpha.-Trifluoro-2-methyl-4′-nitro-m-propionotoluidide,     2-Methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-[trifluoromethyl]phenyl)propanamide,     2-methyl-N-[4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanamide; -   Nialk, 1,1,2-trichloroethene, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene,     1,1-dichloro-2-chloroethylene; -   Nicardipine, Almirall Brand of Nicardipine Hydrochloride, Antagonil,     Cardene; -   Niflumic Acid, Donalgin, Flunir, Niflactol; -   nimesulide, 4′-nitro-2′-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide,     N-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide, nimesulide; -   niobium, 41Nb, columbio, columbium; -   nitecapone, 3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidine)-2,4-pentanedione,     nitecapone, OR 462; -   nitroanilide, nitroanilide; -   nitroaspirin, 2-acetoxybenzoate-2-(1-nitroxymethyl)phenyl ester, NCX     4016, NCX-4016; -   Nitrofurans, Nitrofurans; -   NITROPYRENE, 1-Nitropyrene, 1-Nitropyrene [Nitroarenes],     1-Nitropyrene [Polycyclic aromatic compounds]; -   nitrosamines, N-Nitroso amines, nitrosamines; -   Nitrosoanabasine, (+−)-1-Nitrosoanabasine,     (+−)-3-(1-Nitroso-2-piperidinyl)pyridine, (+−)-N-Nitrosoanabasine; -   Nitrosocysteine, 2-amino-3-(nitrosothio)propanoic acid,     2-amino-3-(nitrosothio)propionic acid,     2-amino-3-nitrososulfanyl-propanoic acid; -   nitrosulindac, NCX 1102, NCX-1102, NCX1102; -   Nizatidine, Axid, LY 139037, LY-139037; -   NK 104,     bis((3R,5S,6E)-7-(2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-quinolyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoate),     monocalcium salt, itavastatin, nisvastatin; -   NK314, NK314; -   NMDA, (NMDA), 2-methylaminobutanedioic acid, 2-methylaminosuccinic     acid; -   NN 703, NN 703, N,N-703, NN703 cpd; -   Noan,     1-Methyl-5-phenyl-7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one,     2H-1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-one, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-,     7-Chloro-1,3-Dihydro-1-Methyl-5-Phenyl-2H-1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-One; -   Nobiletin,     2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4-chromenone,     2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-chromen-4-one; -   NOC 18, NOC 18, NOC-18; -   Nocodazole, Nocodazole, NSC 238159, NSC-238159; -   nodularin, nodularin; -   Nodularin v, Nodularin v; -   nolatrexed,     3,4-dihydro-2-amino-6-methyl-4-oxo-5-(4-pyridylthio)quinazoline     dihydrochloride, AG 337, AG-337; -   Nonoxynol, Advantage S, Advantage-S, Delfen Cream; -   noralfentanil, 4-MPPP,     N-(4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl)-N-phenylpropanamide,     noralfentanil; -   norbuprenorphine, norbuprenorphine; -   Norclozapine,     3-chloro-6-(1-piperazinyl)-5H-benzo[c][1,5]benzodiazepine,     3-chloro-6-piperazin-1-yl-5H-benzo[c][1,5]benzodiazepine,     5H-Dibenzo(b,e) (1,4)diazepine, 8-chloro-11-(1-piperazinyl)-; -   Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, 4,4′-(2,3     Dimethyl-1,4-butanediyl)bis(1,2-benzenediol), Actinex,     Dihydronorguaiaretic Acid; -   Norethindrone, Conceplan, Ethinylnortestosterone, Micronor; -   noreximide, K 2154, K-2154, norborn-5-ene-2,3-cis-exodicarboximide; -   norfluoxetine, norfluoxetine; -   Norgestrel, DL Norgestrel, DL-Norgestrel, Neogest; -   norharman, norharman; -   norketobemidone, norketobemidone; -   norlaudanosoline, (R,S)-Norlaudanosoline,     1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol,     norlaudanosoline; -   normeperidine, normeperidine, normeperidine carbonate (2:1),     normeperidine hydrochloride; -   Nortilidine,     (1R,2S)-2-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylic acid ethyl     ester, (1R,2S)-2-methylamino-1-phenyl-cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic     acid ethyl ester, 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid,     2-(methylamino)-1-phenyl-, ethyl ester, trans-(+−)-; -   norverapamil, D 591, N-demethylverapamil, norverapamil; novobiocin,     novobiocin; -   NS-187, INNO-406, NS-187; -   NSC 23766, NSC 23766, NSC-23766, NSC23766; -   NSC 366140,     9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo(3,4,5-k)acridine-2(6H)-propanamine,     NSC 366140, NSC 366140, methanesulfonate salt; -   NSC 663284, NSC 663284, NSC-663284, NSC663284; -   NSC-134754,3-ethyl-9,10-dimethoxy-2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-ylmethyl)-1,6,7,11b-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido(2,1-a)isoquinoline,     NSC-134754; -   NU2058, NU2058, O(6)-cyclohexylmethylguanine; number-one,     number-one; -   nutlin 3, nutlin 3, nutlin-3, nutlin-3A; -   NVP-AEW541, NVP-AEW541; -   Nylon, 6-Aminohexanoic acid homopolymer, A 1030N0, Akulon; -   O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol,     5-methoxy-4-(2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxiranyl)-1-oxaspiro(2,5)oct-6-yl(chloroacetyl)carbamate,     AGM 1470, AGM-1470; -   O-desethylreboxetine, O-desethylreboxetine; -   O-Due, .beta.-Aminoethylsulfonic acid, 1-Aminoethane-2-sulfonic     acid, 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid; -   o-quinone, 1,2-Benzoquinone, 2-benzoquinone,     3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione; -   obovatol, 4′,5-diallyl-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl ether, obovatol; -   OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo(1,4)dioxin,     1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo(b,e) (1,4)dioxin,     1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; -   octanediol, octanediol; -   Octoxynol, Octoxinol, Octoxinols, Octoxynol; -   Octreotide, Compound 201 995, Compound 201-995, Compound 201995; -   Okadaic Acid, Ocadaic Acid, Okadaic Acid; -   olanzapine, 2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno(2,3-b)     (1,5)benzodiazepine, Eli Lilly brand of olanzapine, Lilly brand of     olanzapine; -   olefins, olefin, olefins; -   oleoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide; -   olmelin, 4′-Methoxy-5,7-dihydroxy isoflavone, 4′-Methylgenistein,     4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-; -   olmesartan,     4-(hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-propyl-1-((2′-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic     acid, CS-088, olmesartan; -   olomoucine, olomoucine; -   olomoucine II, olomoucine II; -   Oltipraz, 3H-1,2-DITHIOLE-3-THIONE, 4-METHYL-5-PYRAZINYL-,     4-methyl-5-(2-pyrazinyl)-3-dithiolethione,     4-Methyl-5-(pyrazinyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione; -   omalizumab, Novartis Brand of Omalizumab, omalizumab, Xolair; -   omega-agatoxin, omega-agatoxin; -   omega-Conotoxin GVIA, Conus geographus Toxin, Conus geographus Toxin     GVIA, omega CgTX; -   omega-N-Methylarginine, D-NMMA, L Monomethylarginine, L NG     Monomethyl Arginine; -   Omeprazole, Esomeprazole, H 168 68, H 168-68; -   omeprazole sulfone, omeprazole sulfone; -   onapristone, onapristone; -   ONCB, 1-chloro-2-nitro-benzene, 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene,     1-Nitro-2-chlorobenzene; -   Ondansetron, GR 38032F, GR-38032F, GR38032F; -   ONO4819, AE1 734, AE1-734, methyl     7-((1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-((E)-(3S)-3-hydroxy-4-(m-methoxymethylphenyl)-1-butenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)-5-thiaheptanoate; -   Optef, (11beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione,     (11beta)-11,17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione,     (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,17R)-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one; -   OR 1246, OR 1246; -   oroxylin A, oroxylin A; -   Orphenadrine, Disipal, Lysantin, Mefenamine; -   Osten, (Ipriflavone), 3-phenyl-7-propan-2-yloxy-chromen-4-one,     3-phenyl-7-propan-2-yloxychromen-4-one; -   osteum, osteum; -   OSU     03012,2-amino-N-(4-(5-(2-phenanthrenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetamide,     OSU 03012, OSU-03012; -   Ouabain, Acocantherin, Acolongifloroside K, G Strophanthin; -   OVEX, (17beta)-17-hydroxyestra-1(10),2,4-trien-3-yl benzoate,     .beta.-Estradiol 3-benzoate, .beta.-Estradiol benzoate; -   Ovex, (17-alpha)-19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17,diol,     (17beta)-17-ethynylestra-1(10),2,4-triene-3,17-diol,     (8R,9S,13S,14S,17R)-17-ethynyl-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol; -   oxaliplatin, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum oxalate,     1,2-diamminocyclohexane(trans-1)oxolatoplatinum(II), 1-OHP; -   Oxarol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1S,3aS,7aS)-1-[(1S)-1-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butoxy)ethyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1S,3aS,7aS)-[(15)-1-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butoxy)ethyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1S,3aS,7aS)-1-[(1S)-1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol; -   oxaspirodion, oxaspirodion; -   oxatomide, oxatomide; -   Oxazepam, Adumbran, Oxazepam, Serax; -   oxcarbazepine, Desitin brand of oxcarbazepine, GP 47680, Novartis     brand of oxcarbazepine; -   Oxotremorine, Oxotremorine, Oxytremorine; -   oxotremorine M,     N,N,N-trimethyl-4-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)but-2-yn-1-aminium,     oxotremorine M; -   Oxymorphone, Bristol-Myers Squibb Brand of Oxymorphone     Hydrochloride, Endo Brand of Oxymorphone Hydrochloride,     Methylnaloxone; -   Oxyntomodulin, Glicentin (33-69), Oxyntomodulin, Proglucagon     (33-69); -   Oxytrol, 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetic acid     4-diethylaminobut-2-ynyl ester,     2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid 4-diethylaminobut-2-ynyl     ester, 4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-yl     cyclohexyl(hydroxy)phenylacetate; -   p-ABA, 4-Aminobenzamidine, 4-Aminobenzenecarboximidamide,     Benzamidine, p-amino-; -   p-XSC, 1,4-bis(selenocyanatomethyl)benzene,     1,4-Phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate, p-XSC; -   p-Xylol, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, 1,4-Dimethylbenzol, 1,4-xylene; -   Paclitaxel, 7 epi Taxol, 7-epi-Taxol, Anzatax; -   paeonol, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone, paeonol; -   palladium, 46Pd, paladio, palladium; -   palmitoleate, (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoate, palmitoleate; -   PALMITOYL, 16-Hexadecanal, hexadecanal, N-hexadecanal; -   Palmitoylcarnitine, Hexadecanoylcarnitine, Palmitoylcarnitine,     Palmitylcarnitine; -   pamidronate, (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-biphosphonate,     (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate,     1-hydroxy-3-aminopropane-1,1-diphosphonic acid; -   panaxadiol, panaxadiol, panaxadiol, (3beta, 12beta)-isomer; -   panepoxydone, panepoxydone; -   pantoprazole, BY 1023, BY-1023, pantoprazole; -   Papaverine, Cerespan, Papaverine, Papaverine Hydrochloride; -   Papite, 2-Propen-1-one, 2-propenal, 2-Propenal, homopolymer; -   PAPP,     1-(2-(4-Aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine,     4-(2-(4-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)aniline     hydrochloride,     4-[2-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]aniline; -   parecoxib, Dynastat,     N-(((5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)-phenyl)sulfonyl)propanamide,     N-(((5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)-phenyl)sulfonyl)propanamine,     sodium salt; -   Paroxetine, Aropax, BRL 29060, BRL-29060; -   Parsal, 5-Amino-N-butyl-2-(2-propynyloxy)benzamide,     5-amino-N-butyl-2-prop-2-ynoxy-benzamide,     5-amino-N-butyl-2-prop-2-ynoxybenzamide; -   Parthenolide, Parthenolide; -   PC 314, PC 314, PC-314, PC314 cpd; -   PCA 4230, PCA 4230; -   PCSO, 2-amino-3-prop-2-enylsulfinyl-propanoic acid,     2-amino-3-prop-2-enylsulfinylpropanoic acid,     3-allylsulfinyl-2-amino-propanoic acid; -   PD 134308, PD 134308; -   PD 144795, PD 144795; -   PD 180988, CI-1034, CI1034, PD 180988; -   PD 98059, 2-(2′-amino-3′-methoxyphenyl)oxanaphthalen-4-one,     2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, PD 098059;     pectin, pectin; -   Pemetrexed,     (2R)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-keto-1,7-dihydropyrrolo[4,5-e]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]glutaric     acid,     (2R)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-1,7-dihydropyrrolo[4,5-e]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic     acid,     (2R)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-1,7-dihydropyrrolo[4,5-e]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]phenyl]carbonylamino]pentanedioic     acid; -   Penicillins, Antibiotics, Penicillin, Penicillin, Penicillin     Antibiotics; -   Penite, Arsenite, sodium, Atlas A, Chem Pels C; -   Pentagastrin, Acignost, Gastrin Pentapeptide, Pentagastrin; -   Pentoxifylline, Agapurin, BL 191, BL-191; -   Peplomycin, NK 631, NK-631, NK631; -   peppermint oil, peppermint oil, WS 1340, WS-1340; -   Pepstatin A, Pepstatin A; -   Perazine, Perazine, Perazine Dihydrochloride, Perazine Maleate; -   Pergolide, Athena Brand of Pergolide Mesylate, Celance, Draxis Brand     of Pergolide Mesylate; -   Perillol, (&#8722;)-Perillyl alcohol, (−)-Perillyl alcohol,     (−)-Perillylalcohol; -   Perilymph, Perilymph, Perilymphs; -   periodate, IO4(−), periodate, tetraoxidoiodate(1-); -   perospirone,     2-(4-(4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-(2H)-dione,     perospirone, SM 9018; -   perovskite, calcium titanium oxide, CaTiO3, perovskite; -   PFPA, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanoic acid     (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-oxopropyl)ester,     2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanoyl 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanoate,     2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropionic acid 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanoyl     ester; -   Phebestin, Phebestin; -   phen, .beta.-Phenanthroline, 1,10-Fenanthroline,     1,10-o-Phenanthroline; -   phenolate, Phenol ion, Phenol, ion(1-) (VAN), phenolate; -   Phenols, Carbol, Phenols; -   phenoxodiol, 7-hydroxy-3-hydroxyphenyl-1H-benzopyran, phenoxodiol; -   Phenprocoumon, Falithrom, Hexyl Brand of Phenprocoumon, Liquamar; -   Phentermine, Adipex P, Adipex-P, AdipexP; -   phenyl-propionamide, phenyl-propionamide; -   phenyl-Pyridinium, phenyl-Pyridinium; -   Phenyloin, 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin, Antisacer, Difenin; -   pheophorbide a, (2(2)R,17S,18S)-7-ethyl-2     (1),2(2),17,18-tetrahydro-2(2)-(methoxycarbonyl)-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-2(1)-oxo-12-ethenylcyclopenta[at]porphyrin-18-propanoic     acid,     (3S,4S,21R)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic     acid,     3-[(3S,4S,21R)-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-9-vinylphorbin-3-yl]propanoic     acid; -   phloretin,     3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone,     3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one,     phloretin; -   PHOB, 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-,     5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione,     5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione; -   phorate, O,O-Diethyl S-(ethylthio)methyl phosphorodithioate,     O,O-Diethyl S-ethylmercaptomethyl dithiophosphate, O,O-diethyl     S-[(ethylsulfanyl)methyl]dithiophosphate; -   phorbol, phorbol; -   phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate, phorbol     12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate; -   phosphatidylethanolamines, (3-Phosphatidyl)-ethanolamine,     1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,     1-Acyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; -   Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate, Phosphatidylinositol     4,5-Biphosphate, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate,     Phosphatidyl-inositol-4,5-Bisphosphate; -   phosphatidylinositol phosphate, PtdIns(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol     phosphate, PtdIns(4,5)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2; -   phytanic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid, Phytanate,     phytanic acid; -   Picibanil, NSC B116209, NSC-B116209, NSCB116209; -   picric acid, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, picrate, picric acid; -   pifithrin,     1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-imino-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)ethanone     hydrobromide,     2-(2-imino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazol-3-yl)-1-p-tolylethanone,     PFT alpha; -   Pilot, 2-(4-((6-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy)phenoxy)propanoic acid     ethyl ester, 2-[4-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxyphenoxy]propionic acid     ethyl ester, 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic     acid ethyl ester; -   pimecrolimus, 33-epi-chloro-33-desoxyascomycin, ASM 981, Elidel; -   pioglitazone,     5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione,     Actos, AD 4833; -   pipecoloxylidide, pipecoloxylidide; -   piperidine, Azacyclohexane, C1CCNCC1, Hexahydropyridine; -   piperine,     ((1-5-(1,3)-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl)piperidine,     1-piperoylpiperidine, piperine; -   Pira,     1-((p-(2-(5-Chloro-o-anisamido)ethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-3-cyclohexylurea,     1-(p-(2-(5-Chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl)benzenesulfonyl)-3-cyclohexylurea,     5-Chloro-N-(2-(4-((((cyclohexylamino)carbonyl)amino)sulfonyl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide; -   pirinixic acid, (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio)acetic     acid, 4-chloro-6-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)amino-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic     acid, 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidinyl)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid; -   Piroxicam, CP 16171, CP-16171, CP16171; -   PKC412, PKC 412, PKC-412, PKC412; -   plumbagin, 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone,     5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione,     5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; -   Pluronic p 85, Pluronic p 85; -   PMDT, 1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, 1,2-Ethanediamine,     N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N,N′,N′-trimethyl-, 1,2-Ethanediamine,     N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N,N′,N′-trimethyl-; -   PMPA,     (((1R)-2-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy)methyl)phosphonic     acid, (R)-9-(2-Phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine,     (R)-9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine; -   PMSF, .alpha.-Toluenesulfonyl fluoride, alpha-TOLUENESULFONYL     FLUORIDE, alpha-Toluenesulphonyl fluoride; -   PNPP, (4-nitrophenoxy)phosphonic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)dihydrogen     phosphate, 4-Nitrophenyl dihydrogen phosphate; -   Podophyllotoxin, Ardern Brand of Podophyllotoxin, Canderm Brand of     Podophyllotoxin, Condyline; -   polidocanol, aethoxysclerol, aethoxysklerol, aetoxisclerol; -   poly-gamma-glutamate, poly-gamma-glutamate; -   ponicidin, ponicidin; -   poractant alfa, Allphar brand of poractant alfa, Chiesi brand of     poractant alfa, Curosurf; -   posaconazole, Noxafil, posaconazole, SCH 56592; -   potassium tellurate(IV), potassium tellurate(IV); -   PQQ Cofactor,     2,7,9-Tricarboxy-1H-Pyrrolo-(2,3-f)Quinoline-4,5-Dione,     2,7,9-Tricarboxypyrroloquinoline Quinone,     4,5-Dihydro-4,5-Dioxo-1-H-Pyrrolo(2,3-f)Quinoline-2,7,9-Tricarboxylic     Acid; -   pranlukast, 8-(4     (4-phenylbutoxy)benzoyl)amino-2-(tetrazol-5′-yl)-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran,     ONO 1078, ONO-1078; -   Pravastatin, Apo Pravastatin, Apo-Pravastatin, Apotex Brand of     Pravastatin Sodium; -   Prazosin, Furazosin, Justac, Minipress; -   PRDL, (11beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione,     (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,17R)-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13-dimethyl-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one,     (8S,9S,10R,11S,13S,14S,17R)-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one; -   Precursor mrna, Precursor mrna; -   Prednisone, acis Brand of Prednisone, Apo-Prednisone, Apotex Brand     of Prednisone; -   pregnane, pregnane; -   Pregnanes, Pregnanes; -   Pregnanolone, 3 alpha Hydroxy 5 alpha pregnan 20 one, 3 alpha     Hydroxy 5 beta pregnan 20 one, 3 alpha, 5     beta-Tetrahydroprogesterone; -   pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile,     3beta-hydroxy-20-oxo-5-pregnene-16alpha-carbonitrile,     3beta-hydroxy-20-oxopregn-5-ene-16alpha-carbonitrile, PCN; -   Pregnyl, biogonadil, choriogonadotropin, choriogonin; -   preussin, (+)-preussin, L 657398, L-657,398; -   Primidone, Apo-Primidone, Apotex Brand of Primidone, Astra Brand of     Primidone; -   Proadifen, Diethylaminoethyldiphenylpropyl Acetate, Proadifen,     Proadifen Hydrochloride; -   Proanthocyanidins, Anthocyanidin Polymers, Condensed Tannin,     Condensed Tannins; -   Probenecid, Benecid, Benemid, Benuryl; -   Probucol, Almirall Brand of Probucol, Aventis Brand of Probucol,     Biphenabid; -   Procasil, 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone,     2-Mercapto-4-hydroxy-6-n-propylpyrimidine,     2-Mercapto-6-propyl-4-pyrimidone; -   Procetofen, Abbott Brand of Procetofen, AbZ Brand of Procetofen,     Aliud Brand of Procetofen; -   procyanidin B2, procyanidin B2; -   Prodix,     (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-acetyl-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one,     (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-ethanoyl-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one,     17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; -   prolactin, polymeric, BBPRL, big big prolactin, big prolactin; -   Propafenone, Abbott Brand of Propafenone Hydrochloride, Aliud Brand     of Propafenone Hydrochloride, Alpharma Brand of Propafenone     Hydrochloride; -   Propanesulfonate, 1-Propanesulfonic acid, Ammonium propanesulfonate,     propane-1-sulfonic acid; -   Propofol, 2,6-Bis(1-methylethyl)phenol, 2,6-Diisopropylphenol,     Abbott Brand of Propofol; -   propyl pyrazole triol, PPT cpd, propyl pyrazole triol,     propylpyrazole triol; -   propyne, 1-propyne, allylene, CC#C; -   prostratin, prostratin; -   protopanaxadiol, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, protopanaxadiol,     protopanaxadiol, (3beta, 12beta)-isomer; -   protopanaxatriol, protopanaxatriol, protopanaxatriol,     (3beta,6alpha,12beta,20R)-isomer; -   PS 15,     N-(3(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propyloxy)-N′-(1-methylethyl)imidocarbonimidicdiamide     hydrochloride, PS 15, PS-15; -   Pseudohypericin, Hypericum Extract,     Phenanthro(1,10,9,8-opgra)perylene-7,14-dione,     1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-11-methyl-,     stereoisomer, Pseudohypericin; -   Pseudomonas-exotoxin, Pseudomonas-exotoxin; -   Psoralens, Furanocoumarins, Furocoumarins, Psoralens; -   psychosine-3′-sulfate ester, psychosine-3′-sulfate ester; -   PTBP, 1-Hydroxy-4-tert-butylbenzene, 2-tert-Butylphenol,     4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)phenol; -   pteridine, 1,3,5,8-tetraazanaphthalene, azinepurine, c1cnc2ncncc2n1; -   Pterostilbene, 3′,5′-Dimethoxy-4-stilbenol,     3,5-Dimethoxy-4&#8242;-hydroxystilbene,     3,5-Dimethoxy-4′-hydroxy-trans-stilbene; -   PURAC, (+)-Lactic acid, (+−)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid,     (2R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid; -   Puromycin, CL 13900, CL-13900, CL13900; -   putrescine, 1,4-Butanediamine, 1,4-butylenediamine,     1,4-DIAMINOBUTANE; -   Pyocyanine, Pyocyanin, Pyocyanine; -   Pyra, 1,2-Ethanediamine,     N-((4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-N′,N′-dimethyl-N-2-pyridinyl-,     1,2-Ethanediamine,     N-((4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-N′,N′-dimethyl-N-2-pyridinyl-(9CI),     1,2-Ethanediamine,     N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N′,N′-dimethyl-N-2-pyridinyl-; -   pyranones, oxopyrans, pyranone, pyranones; -   pyrazole, Pyrazol, pyrazole; -   Pyrethrins, Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids; -   pyridazine, 1,2-diazine, c1ccnnc1, o-diazine; -   Pyrimethamine, Aventis Brand of Pyrimethamine, Chloridin, Daraprim; -   pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside, NSC 309132, pyrimidin-2-one     beta-D-ribofuranoside, pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside; -   Pyro, 1,2,3-Benzenetriol, 1,2,3-TRIHYDROXY-BENZENE,     1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzen; -   pyrogallol sulfonphthalein, pyrogallol sulfonphthalein; -   pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid,     2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid, PCA; -   pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid,     Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate; -   pyrroloazepinone, pyrroloazepinone; -   Qingkailing, Qingkailing; -   quercitrin, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-L-rhamnoside,     quercetrin; -   quetiapine, 2-(2-(4-dibenzo(b,f)     (1,4)thiazepine-11-yl-1-piperazinyl)ethoxy)ethanol, AstraZeneca     Brand of Quetiapine Fumarate, Ethanol, 2-(2-(4-dibenzo(b,f)     (1,4)thiazepin-11-yl-1-piperazinyl)ethoxy)-, (E)-2-butenedioate     (2:1) (salt); -   Quicifal, 1-Ascorbyl palmitate, 6-Hexadecanoyl-L-ascorbic acid,     6-Monopalmitoyl-L-ascorbate; -   quinazoline, 1,3-benzodiazine, 1,3-diazanaphthalene,     5,6-benzopyrimidine; -   Quinolinium, Quinolinium; -   Quinpirole, Quinpirole, Quinpirole Hydrochloride, Quinpirole     Monohydrochloride; -   quinuclidin-3′-yl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate     monosuccinate, quinuclidin-3′-yl     1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate     monohydrochloride,     quinuclidin-3′-yl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate     monosuccinate, solifenacin; -   quinupristin-dalfopristin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, RP 59500,     RP-59500; -   R-138727, R-138727; -   R-99224,     (2Z)-(1-(2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-4-mercapto-3-piperidinylidene),     R-99224; -   Raloxifene, ELi Lilly Brand of Raloxifene, Evista, Keoxifene;     raltitrexed, Arkomédika brand of raltitrexed, AstraZeneca brand of     raltitrexed, D 1694; -   Ramipril, Acovil, Almirall Brand of Ramipril, Altace; -   ramiprilat, ramiprilat; -   RAMP, RAMP; -   Ranitidine, AH 19065, AH-19065, AH19065; -   RAPA, (−)-Rapamycin,     (3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethyl)-10,21-dimethoxy-,     (3S,6R,7E,9R,10R,12R,14S,15E,17E,19E,21S,23S,26R,27R,34aS)—; -   rasagiline,     2,3-dihydro-N-2-propynyl-1H-inden-1-amine-(1R)-hydrochloride, AGN     1135, AGN-1135; -   rebamipide,     2-(4-chlorobenzoylamino)-3-(2(1H)-quinolinon-4-yl)propionic acid,     OPC 12759, OPC-12759; -   reboxetine, 2-((2-ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl)morpholine methanesulfonate,     reboxetine, reboxetine mesylate; -   remifentanil,     3-(4-methoxycarbonyl-4-((1-oxopropyl)phenylamino)-1-piperidine)propanoic     acid methyl ester, Abbott brand of remifentanil, GI 87084B; -   renzapride,     4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy-N-(1-azabicyclo-(3.3.1)-non-4-yl)benzamide,     BRL 24924, BRL-24924; -   repaglinide,     2-ethoxy-4-(2-((3-methyl-1-(2-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl)butyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)benzoic     acid,     2-ethoxy-N-(alpha-(2-methyl-1-propyl)-2-piperidinobenzyl)-4-carbamoylmethylbenzoic     acid, AG-EE 388; -   Resiniferotoxin, Resiniferotoxin; -   resiquimod,     1-[4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-1-yl]-2-methylpropan-2-ol,     CCOCc1nc2c(N)nc3 ccccc3c2n1CC(C) (C)O, R 848; -   Retardex, acide benzoique, Ammonium benzoate, Aromatic hydroxy acid; -   Riacon, (2-Mercaptoethyl)amine, .beta.-Mercaptoethylamine,     1-Amino-2-mercaptoethylamine; -   Ribavirin, Dermatech Brand of Ribavirin, Essex Brand of Ribavirin,     Grossman Brand of Ribavirin; -   Riboflavin, Flavin mononucleotide, Pentitol,     1-deoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-,     5-(dihydrogen phosphate), Riboflavin; -   Rifabutin, Alfacid, Ansamycin, Ansatipin; -   rifamycins, rifamycins; -   Rifocin, Rifamycin, Rifamycin SV, Rifocin; -   rimonabant, Acomplia,     N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide     hydrochloride, rimonabant; -   risedronic acid, 2-(3-pyridinyl)-1-hydroxyethylidene-bisphosphonate,     2-(3-pyridinyl)-1-hydroxyethylidenebisphosphonate, Actonel; -   risperidone,     3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one,     Risperdal, risperidona; -   Ristocetin, Ristocetin, Ristomycin; -   Ritonavir, ABT 538, ABT-538, ABT538; -   rituximab, CD20 antibody, rituximab, Genentech brand of rituximab,     Hoffmann-La Roche brand of rituximab; -   Ro 13-8996,     (Z)-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazol-1-yl-ethylidene]amine,     1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]-2-(1-imidazolyl)ethanimine,     1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]-2-imidazol-1-yl-ethanimine; -   Ro 23-7553,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(3aS,7aS)-1-[(1R)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hex-3-ynyl]-7a-methyl-3a,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(3aS,7aS)-1-[(1R)-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhex-3-ynyl]-7a-methyl-3a,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol,     (1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(3aS,7aS)-1-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-hept-4-yn-2-yl]-7a-methyl-3a,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol; -   Ro 23-7637, Ro 23-7637; -   Ro 24-7429,     7-chloro-N-methyl-5-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-amine,     Ro 24-7429, Ro-24-7429; -   Ro 31-6233, 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione, 3,4-di-1H-indol-3-yl-,     2,3-bis(1H-Indol-3-yl)maleimide,     3,4-bis(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-pyrroline-2,5-quinone; -   Ro 31-7549, Ro 31-7549; -   Ro 31-8220, Ro 31-8220; -   R04383596,     (+/−)-1-(anti-3-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-7-phenylamino-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrimido(4,5-d)pyrimidin-2-one,     R04383596; -   Robitet,     (2Z)-2-(amino-hydroxy-methylene)-4-dimethylamino-6,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4-a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione,     (2Z)-2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino-6,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4-a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione,     (2Z)-2-(amino-hydroxymethylene)-4-dimethylamino-6,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4-a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione;     rofecoxib, Cahill May Roberts brand of rofecoxib, Merck brand of     rofecoxib, Merck Frosst brand of rofecoxib; -   roflumilast,     3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-(3,5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl)benzamide,     roflumilast; -   rokitamycin, 3″-O-propionylleucomycin A5, pro-leucomycin A5,     rokitamycin; -   Rolipram, Rolipram, ZK 62711, ZK-62711; -   romidepsin, FK228, FR 901228, FR-901228; -   rooperol, rooperol; -   ropivacaine, 1-propyl-2′,6′-pipecoloxylidide, AL 381, AL-381; -   roscovitine,     2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine, CYC     202, CYC-202; -   rosiglitazone,     5-((4-(2-methyl-2-(pyridinylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione-2-butenedioate,     Avandia, BRL 49653; -   rosmarinic acid,     (2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]propanoic     acid, Rosmarinate, rosmarinic acid; -   rosuvastatin,     (3R,5S,6E)-7-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(1-methylethyl)-2-(ethyl(methylsulfonyl)amino)-5-pyrimidinyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic     acid,     (3R,5S,6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl}-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic     acid,     (3R,5S,6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyrimidin-5-yl}-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic     acid; -   Roxithromycin, 1A Brand of Roxithromycin, Alpharma Brand of     Roxithromycin, Aventis Brand of Roxithromycin; -   Rozevin, (2ALPHA,2′BETA,3BETA,4ALPHA,5BETA)-VINCALEUKOBLASTINE,     (3aR-(3aalpha,4beta,5beta,5abeta,9(3R*,5S*,7R*,9S*),10bR*,13aalpha))-methyl     4-(acetyloxy)-3a-ethyl-9-(5-ethyl-1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-5-hydroxy-9-(methoxycarbonyl)-2H-3,7-methanoazacycloundecino(5,4-b)indol-9-yl)-3a,4,5,5a,6,11,12,13a-octahydro-5-hydro,     1H-Indolizino(8,1-cd)carbazole-5-carboxylic acid,     4-(acetyloxy)-3a-ethyl-9-(5-ethyl-1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-5-hydroxy-9-(methoxycarbonyl)-2H-3,7-methanoazacycloundecino(5,4-b)indol-9-yl)-3a,4,5,5a,6,11,12,13a-octahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-6-methyl-,     me; -   RPR 121056,7-ethyl-10-(4-N-(5-aminopentanoic     acid)-1-piperidino)carbonyloxycamptothecin, APC cpd, RPR 121056; -   RU 58668,     11beta-(4-(5-((4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfonyl)pentyloxy)phenyl)-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene,3,17beta-diol,     Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol,     11-(4-((5-((4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfonyl)pentyl)oxy)phenyl)-,     (11beta,17beta)-, RU 58 668; -   ruboxistaurin, 13-((dimethylamino)methyl)-10,11,14,15-tetrahydro-4,     9:16,21-dimetheno-1H,13H-dibenzo(e,k)pyrrolo(3,4-h)     (1,4,13)oxadiazacyclohexadecene-1,3(2H)-dione, Arxxant, Lilly brand     of ruboxistaurin mesilate hydrate; -   rugosin E, rugosin E; -   rutecarpine, rutaecarpine, rutecarpine; -   Rutin,     2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-chromen-4-one,     2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxymethyl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-chromen-4-one,     2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxymethyl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-chromone; -   S-(beta-p-methoxypropiophenone)thiamine, MB 2, MB-2,     S-(beta-p-methoxypropiophenone)thiamine; -   S—Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine, N-Acetyl-S-Nitrosopenicillamine,     N2-Acetyl-S-Nitroso-D,L-Penicillinaminamide,     S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; -   S-Nitrosothiols, S-Nitrosothiol, S-Nitrosothiols; -   S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine, 2-acetamido-3-phenylthiopropanoic acid,     phenylmercapturic acid, S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine; -   sabarubicin,     4-demethoxy-7-O-(2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,3,6-trideoxy-3-amino-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-adriamycinone,     MEN 10755, MEN-10755; -   sabcomeline, (R)-3-quinuclidineglyoxylonitrile-(Z)—(O)-methyloxime,     alpha-(methylimino)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)octane-3-acetonitrile,     sabcomeline; -   Safingol, (2S,3R)-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol,     (2S,3R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol,     (R—(R*,S*))-2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol; -   Safrole, 4-Allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene, Safrol, Safrole; -   SAGA,     (1R,3S)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1,2,2,2-tetrabromoethyl)-1-cyclopropanecarboxylic     acid [(S)-cyano-[3-(phenoxy)phenyl]methyl]ester,     (1R,3S)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1,2,2,2-tetrabromoethyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic     acid [(S)-cyano-[3-(phenoxy)phenyl]methyl]ester,     (S)-alpha-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl     (1R)-cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-((RS)-1,2,2,2-tetrabromoethyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylate; -   SAHA, 8-(hydroxyamino)-8-keto-N-phenyl-caprylamide,     8-(hydroxyamino)-8-oxo-N-phenyl-octanamide,     8-(hydroxyamino)-8-oxo-N-phenyloctanamide; -   saikosaponin, saikosaponin, saikosaponin B, saikosaponin B1; -   Salicin, .beta.-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl,     2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol,     2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol; -   salvin, carnosic acid, salvin; -   samarium, 62Sm, samario, samarium; -   SAMe,     (2S)-2-amino-4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9-purinyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-tetrahydrofuranyl]methyl-methylsulfonio]butanoate,     (2S)-2-amino-4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]methyl-methyl-sulfonio]butanoate,     (2S)-2-amino-4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl-methyl-sulfonio]butanoate; -   sanguinarine,     13-methyl-2H,10H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-i][1,3]dioxolo[4′,5′:4,5]benzo[1,2-c]phenanthridinium,     13-methyl[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-i]phenanthridinium,     sanguinarine; -   sapogenins, sapogenin, sapogenins; -   Saquinavir, Invirase, Ro 31 8959, Ro 31-8959; -   Sarasar, (     )-4-(2-(4-(8-Chloro-3,10-dibromo-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo(5,6)cyclohepta(1,2-b)pyridin-11-yl)-1-piperidinyl)-2-oxoethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxamide,     (+)-4     [2-[4-(8-Chloro-3,10-dibromo-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]-pyridin-11(R)-yl-1-piperidinyl]-2-oxo-ethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxamide,     1-Piperidinecarboxamide,     4-(2-(4-((11R)-3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo(5,6)cyclohepta(1,2-b)pyridin-11-yl)-1-piperidinyl)-2-oxoethyl)-; -   Sarna, ( )-Menthol, (+)-Isomenthol, (+)-Menthol; -   sauchinone, sauchinone; -   saxatilin, saxatilin; -   SB 218078, SB 218078, SB-218078; -   SB 225002, N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N′-(2-bromophenyl)urea, -   SB 225002, SB-225002; -   SB 415286,     3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione,     SB 415286, SB-415286; -   SB-705498, SB-705498; -   scandium, 21Sc, escandio, scandium; -   SCH 66712, SCH 66712, SCH66712; -   schizandrer A, gomisin C, gomisin-G, PC 315; -   scoparone, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 6,7-dimethylesculetin, scoparone; -   Scopoletin, .beta.-Methylesculetin, 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one,     7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-, 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one,     7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-(9CI); -   Score,     1-((2-(2-Chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole,     1-((2-[2-Chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole,     1-({2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl}methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole; -   SDX 308, CEP 18082, CEP-18082, CEP18082; -   Selegiline, Bristol Myers Squibb Brand of Selegiline, Bristol-Myers     Squibb Brand of Selegiline, Deprenalin; -   seocalcitol,     1(S),3(R)-dihydroxy-20(R)-(5′-ethyl-5′-hydroxyhepta-1′(E),3′     (E)-dien-1′-yl)-9,10-secopregna-5(Z),7(E),10(19)-triene, EB 1089,     EB-1089; -   Sep-Pak, Sep-Pak; -   Serad,     (1S,4S)-4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-naphthylamine     hydrochloride,     (1S,4S)-4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-napthalenamine     hydrochloride,     (1S,4S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine     hydrochloride; -   sertindole,     1-(2-{4-[5-chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl)imidazolidin-2-one,     1-[2-[4-[5-chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-indol-3-yl]-1-piperidyl]ethyl]imidazolidin-2-one,     Serdolect; -   sevoflurane, BAX 3084, fluoromethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether,     fluoromethyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl ether; -   SEW2871, SEW-2871, SEW2871; -   shikonin, shikonin, shikonin, (+)-isomer; -   siderophore, ironophore, siderochrome, siderochromes; -   Sildenafil,     1-((3-(4,7-Dihydro-1-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)-4-ethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-methylpiperazine,     5-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl-phenyl]-1-methyl-3-propyl-4H-pyrazolo[5,4-e]pyrimidin-7-one,     5-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonylphenyl]-1-methyl-3-propyl-4H-pyrazolo[5,4-e]pyrimidin-7-one; -   silvestrol, silvestrol; -   silybin, 2,3-dehydrosilybin, Alepa-forte, Ardeyhepan; -   Sincalide, Bracco Brand of Sincalide, CCK-8, CCK-OP; -   Sizofuran, Schizophyllan, Sizofilan, Sizofuran; -   SK-7041, SK-7041; -   SK&F 106528, recombinant soluble CD4, SK&F 106528, SK&F-106528; -   SM 7368, SM 7368, SM-7368, SM7368; -   Sodium pentosan poly sulfate, Sodium pentosan poly sulfate; -   Sodium Salicylate, Sodium Salicylate; -   sorafenib,     4-(4-(3-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ureido)phenoxy)pyridine-2-carboxyllic     acid methyamide-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, BAY 43-9006, Nexavar; -   sorbinil, CP 45634, CP-45634,     D-6-fluoro-spiro(chroman-4,4′-imidazolidine)-2′,5′-dione; -   Sorbo, 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexanehexyl, 3,3′-Oxydi(1,2-propanediol),     alpha,alpha′-Diglycerol; -   Sorbose, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol,     (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetrol,     (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-methyloltetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetrol; -   spiroglumide,     4-(3-chlorobenzamido)-5-(8-azaspiro(4.5)decan-8-yl)-5-oxopentanoic     acid, CR 2194, CR-2194; -   Spironolactone, Aldactone, Aldactone A, Alphapharm Brand of     Spironolactone; -   squamocin, squamocin; -   SR 144528,     N-(1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-yl)-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide,     SR 144528, SR-144528; -   SR 27897, SR 27897; -   SR 48692,     2-((1-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-5-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl)carbonylamino)tricyclo(3.3.1.1.     (3.7))decan-2-carboxylic acid, SR 48692, SR-48692; -   SR 80327A, SR 80327A, SR-80327A; -   SR 90107A-ORG 31540, SR 90107A-ORG 31540, SR90107A-ORG31540; -   ST 638, alpha-cyano-3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-5-phenylmethylcinnamamide, ST     638, ST-638; -   stallimycin, stallimycin; -   Stanozolol, Androstanazol, Methylstanazol, Sanofi Winthrop Brand of     Stanozolol; -   staurosporine,     (5S,6R,7R,9R)-6-methoxy-5-methyl-7-methylamino-6,7,8,9,15,16-hexahydro-5H,14H-5,9-epoxy-4-b,9a,15-triazadibenzo[b,h]cyclonona[1,2,3,4-jkl]cyclopenta[e]-as-indacen-14-one,     Staurosporin, staurosporine; -   Stearin, 1,2,3-Propanetriol trioctadecanoate,     1,2,3-trioctadecanoyl-sn-glycerol, 1,2,3-Trioctadecanoylglycerol; -   Stereoisomerism, Stereoisomer, Stereoisomerism, Stereoisomers; -   Steviol, Kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, β-hydroxy-, (4.alpha.)-, Steviol; -   Stevioside,     1-O-{(5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha,13alpha)-13-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-18-oxokaur-16-en-18-yl}-beta-D-glucopyranose,     13-[(2-O-.beta.-D-Glucopyranosyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-18-oic     acid .beta.-D-glucopyranosyl ester, Diterpene glycoside; -   STIL, (E)-3,4-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene,     (E)-4,4′-(1,2-Diethyl-1,2-ethenediyl)bisphenol,     (E)-4,4′-(hex-3-ene-3,4-diyl)diphenol; -   stilbene-disulphonate, stilbene-disulphonate; -   Stilbenes, Stilbenes; -   Stim, 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropurine,     1,3,7-Trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine,     1,3,7-trimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione; -   Streptomycin, CEPA Brand of Streptomycin Sulfate, Clariana Brand of     Streptomycin Sulfate, Estreptomicina CEPA; -   Styrene, Styrene, Styrene Monomer, Styrol; -   styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer, styrene-methylmethacrylate     copolymer; -   SU 5416, 3-(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylidene-indolin-2-one,     Semaxinib, SU 5416; -   SU 6668,     (Z)-3-(2,4-dimethyl-5-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-propionic     acid,     (Z)-3-(2,4-dimethyl-5-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidenemethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)propionic     acid, SU 6668; -   SU 9516,     3-(1-(3H-Imidazol-4-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-5-methoxy-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one,     SU 9516, SU9516; -   suberate, octanedioate, suberate; -   suberosin, suberosin; -   succinic semialdehyde, 3-formylpropanoic acid, 3-formylpropionic     acid, 4-oxobutanoic acid; -   Sufentanil, Abbot Brand of Sufentanil Citrate, Baxter Brand of     Sufentanil Citrate, curasan Brand of Sufentanil Citrate; -   Suldox, 4-amino-N-(5,6-dimethoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)benzenesulfonamide;     5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine,     4-amino-N-(5,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide;     5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine,     4-amino-N-(5,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide;     5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine; -   sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Fansidar, Suldox,     sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; -   Sulfamethazine, Sulfadimezine, Sulfadimidine, Sulfamethazine;     sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine, sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine; -   Sulfaphenazole, Phenylsulfapyrazole, Sulfaphenazole,     Sulfa-phenylpyrazol; -   Sulfasalazine, Alphapharm Brand of Sulfasalazine, Ashbourne Brand of     Sulfasalazine, Asulfidine; -   sulfate cellufine, sulfate cellufine; -   sulfate-sulfate, sulfate-sulfate; -   sulfidonitrogen(.), (NS)(.), mononitrogen monosulfide, nitrogen     monosulfide; -   Sulfinpyrazone, Anturan, Anturane, Apo Sulfinpyrazone; -   sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, SSO cpd, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate,     sulfo-N-succinimidyloleate; -   sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate, sulfo-succinimidyl-oleate; -   sulfogalactosylglycerolipid, sgg lipid, sulfogalactosylglycerolipid; -   sulfones, sulfone, sulfones; -   sulfonic acid, acide sulfonique, HSHO3,     hydridohydroxidodioxidosulfur; -   sulfonyl-phenyl-ethyl, sulfonyl-phenyl-ethyl; -   Sulforafan, 1-Isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)-butane,     1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane,     1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinyl-butane; -   Sulindac, Aclin, Alphapharm Brand of Sulindac, Apo Sulin; -   sulindac sulfone,     (5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-3-(N-benzyl)-indene)-acetamide,     1H-Indene-3-acetic acid,     5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)methylene)-, (Z)—,     Aptosyn; -   sultopride, amisulpride, Barnetil, DAN 2163; -   sunitinib,     5-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroindolylidenemethyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic     acid (2-diethylaminoethyl)amide, SU 011248, SU 11248; -   Synthos, alpha-TCP, alpha-tri-Calcium phosphate, alpha-Tricalcium     phosphate; -   T 0070907, T 0070907, T-0070907, T0070907; -   T 0901317,     N-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxy-propan-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzenesulfonamide,     T 0901317, T-0901317; -   Tacrine, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9-acridinamine,     1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroaminoacridine, 9-Amino-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroacridine; -   Tacrolimus, Anhydrous Tacrolimus, Cilag Brand of Tacrolimus, FK 506; -   tadalafil, Clalis, IC 351, IC-351; -   Tamogel,     (Z)-4-(1-[4-(Dimethylaminoethoxy)phenyl]-2-phenyl-1-butenyl)phenol,     (Z)-4-Hydroxytamoxifen,     4-((1Z)-1-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)-2-phenyl-1-butenyl)phenol; -   Tamoxifen, ICI-46474, ICI-47699, ICI-46,474; -   tandospirone,     3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-2-(4-(4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-4,7-methano-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione,     SM 3997, SM-3997; -   Tangeretin,     2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,     4′,5,6,7,8-Pentamethoxyflavone, 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one,     2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-; -   tanshinone, tanshinone, tanshinone II A, tanshinone II B; -   taurocholic acid,     2-[(3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholan-24-yl)amino]ethanesulfonic     acid, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid     24-taurine, cholic acid taurine conjugate; -   Taurodeoxycholic Acid, Deoxycholyltaurine, Sodium Taurodeoxycholate,     Taurine Deoxycholate; tauroursodeoxycholic acid,     tauroursodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid,     (3alpha,5alpha,7alpha)-isomer, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, monosodium     salt, (3alpha,5beta,7alpha)-isomer; -   tautomycetin, tautomycetin; -   TAXOTERE,     (2aR,4S,4aS,6R,9S,11S,12S,12aR,12bS)-12b-(acetyloxy)-12-(benzoyloxy)-2a,3,4,4a,5,6,9,10,11,12,12a,12b-dodecahydro-4,6,11-trihydroxy-4-a,8,13,13-tetramethyl-5-oxo-7,11-methano-1H-cyclodeca[3,4]benz[1,2-b]oxet-9-yl(aR,bS)-b-[[(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]am,     Docetaxel, Docetaxel anhydrous; -   TBDZ, 1H-Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)-,     2-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole,     2-(1,3-Thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazole; -   TBHQ, 1,4-Benzenediol (1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 1,4-Benzenediol,     2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol; -   TCAT, 2,3,3-trichloroacryloyl chloride, 2,3,3-trichloroprop-2-enoyl     chloride, 2,3,4-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride; -   technetium, 43Tc, technetium, tecnecio; -   Tegafur, 1-(2-Tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil,     1-(Tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil,     5-Fluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-2,4-pyrimidinedione; -   Teleocidin,     13-Ethenyl-1,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,12,13-decahydro-4-(hydroxymethyl)-8,10,13-trimethyl-7,10-bis(1-methylethyl)-6H-benzo[g]diazonino[7,6,5-cd]indol-6-one,     6H-Benzo(g) (1,4)diazonino(7,6,5-cd) indol-6-one,     13-ethenyl-1,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,12,13-decahydro-4-(hydroxymethyl)-8,10,13-trimethyl-7,10-bis(1-methylethyl)-,     (4S-(4R*,7R*,10S*,13S*))-, Teleocidin; -   telithromycin, Aventis brand of telithromycin, HMR 3647, HMR-3647; -   Temazepam, 3 Hydroxydiazepam, 3-Hydroxydiazepam, AHP Brand of     Temazepam; -   temozolomide,     8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo(5,1-d)-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one, CCRG     81045, CCRG-81045; -   temsirolimus, CCI 779, CCI-779, temsirolimus; -   terbinafine,     (E)-N-(6,6-dimethyl-2-heptenynyl)-N-methyl-1-naphthalenementhamin     hydrochloride, Lamisil, SF 86-327; -   terephthalic acid, 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,     benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, p-benzenedicarboxylic acid; -   Terfenadine, Aliud Brand of Terfenadine,     alpha-(4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-4-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-1-piperidinebutanol,     Balkis Saft Spezial; -   teriflunomide, teriflunomide; -   terrein, terrein; -   territrem A, territrem A; -   territrem B, territrem B; -   territrem C, territrem C; -   tertiapin, tertiapin; -   tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon, 4Fe-4S, IRON/SULFUR CLUSTER,     tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon; -   tetrachloroethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene, ethylene     tetra-chloride, PCE; -   tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate, tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate; -   Tetrahydrocannabinol, 9 ene Tetrahydrocannabinol,     9-ene-Tetrahydrocannabinol, delta(1)-Tetrahydrocannabinol; -   tetramethylrhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine; -   tetramethylsilane, silane, tetramethyl-, tetramethylsilane,     TMSCH2Li; -   tetraphene, 1,2-benzanthracene, 1,2-Benzanthrazen,     benz[a]anthracene; -   Tetraprenol,     (2E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-ol,     (E,E,E)-Geranylgeraniol, 2,6,10,14-hexadecatetraen-1-ol,     3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; -   tetrasulfanide, HSSSS(−), SSS[S—], tetrasulfanide; -   Thalidomide, Celgene Brand of Thalidomide, Sedoval, Thalidomide; -   Thapsigargin, Thapsigargin; -   thiamine disulfide, thiamine disulfide; -   thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, c1cscn1, thiazole; -   Thiazolidinediones, Glitazones, Thiazolidinediones; -   thioacetamide, Acetothioamide, ethanethioamide, TAA; -   Thioacetazone, Ambathizon, Amithiozone, Conteben; -   thiobenzamide, thiobenzamide; -   thiocoraline, thiocoraline; -   Thiole, Divinylene sulfide, Furan, thio-, Huile H50; -   Thiopental, Abbott Brand of Thiopental Sodium, Altana Pharma Brand     of Thiopental Sodium, Bomathal; -   thioredoxin dithiol, Reduced thioredoxin, thioredoxin, thioredoxin     dithiol; -   thioridazine,     10-[2-(1-methyl-2-piperidyl)ethyl]-2-methylsulfanyl-phenothiazine,     10-[2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-(methylsulfanyl)-10H-phenothiazine,     2-Methylmercapto-10-(2-(N-methyl-2-piperidyl)ethyl)phenothiazine; -   Thiostrepton, Bryamycin, Gargon, Thiactin; -   thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP, thrombin receptor peptide     SFLLRNP; -   thrombin Tokushima, thrombin Tokushima; -   Thromboxane A2, Rabbit Aorta Contracting Substance, Thromboxane A2; -   thromboxane B2,     (5Z,13E,15S)-9alpha,11,15-trihydroxythromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid,     thromboxane B2, TXB2; -   Thyminose, 2-Deoxy-D-ribose, 2-Deoxy-erythro-pentose, 2-Deoxyribose; -   thymol, 1-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-isopropylbenzene,     2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, 3-p-cymenol; -   thymoquinone, 2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzoquinone,     2-methyl-5-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, dihydrothymoquinone; -   Thyrotropin, Thyreotropin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone,     Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone; -   Ticlopidine, 53 32C, 53-32C, 5332C; -   Tilidine, Go 1261, Go-1261, Go1261; -   tipranavir, Aptivus, PNU 140690, PNU-140690; -   tirilazad,     21-(4-(2,6-di-1-pyrrolidinyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl)-16-methylpregna-1,4,9(11)-triene-3,20-dione     mono-methane sulfonate, Freedox, Pharmacia brand of tirilazad     mesylate hydrate; -   titanium alloy (TiAl6V4), Ti-6Al—V4 alloy, Ti6Al4V, titanium     6-aluminum-4-vanadium; -   TMC-95A, TMC 95A, TMC-95A; -   Tmndga, 1,1′-(2,3-Dimethyl-1,4-butanediyl)bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzene),     1,4-Bis(3,4-dimethoxyphentl)-2,3-dimethylbutane,     4,4′-(2,3-Dimethyl-1,4-butanediyl)bis-1,2-dimethoxybenzene; -   TMSI, (Trimethylsilyl)imidazole, 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1H-imidazole,     1-(Trimethylsilyl)imidazole; -   Tobrex,     (1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-(2,6-diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl     3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside,     (1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2,6-diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl     3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside,     (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-2-[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2R,3R,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxy-cyclohexyl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol; -   tocotrienols, tocotrienol, tocotrienols; -   tofisopam,     1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-ethyl-7,8-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine,     dextofisopam, EGYT-341; -   tolrestat, tolrestat; -   Tolterodine,     2-[(1R)-3-(di(propan-2-yl)amino)-1-phenyl-propyl]-4-methyl-phenol,     2-[(1R)-3-(di(propan-2-yl)amino)-1-phenylpropyl]-4-methylphenol,     2-[(1R)-3-(diisopropylamino)-1-phenyl-propyl]-4-methyl-phenol; -   toluene, Cc1ccccc1, methylbenzene, phenylmethane; -   TOLUENE-DITHIOL, TOLUENE-DITHIOL; -   topiramate, 2,3-4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose     sulfamate, Cilag brand of topiramate, Epitomax; -   Topotecan, 9 Dimethylaminomethyl 10 hydroxycamptothecin,     9-Dimethylaminomethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, Hycamtamine; -   Toremifene, Fareston, FC 1157a, FC-1157a; -   Tosylarginine Methyl Ester, Methyl N alpha Tosyl L Arginate, Methyl     N-alpha-Tosyl-L-Arginate, TAME; -   Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone, Chlorotosylamidoaminoheptanone,     TLCK, Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone; -   Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone,     Chlorophenyltosylamidobutanone, Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethane,     Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone; -   TPN+, CODEHYDRASE II, coenzyme II, NADP(+); -   Tracer, Conserve, Spinosad, Tracer; -   Tramadol, 1A Brand of Tramadol Hydrochloride, Able Brand of Tramadol     Hydrochloride, AbZ Brand of Tramadol Hydrochloride; -   trans-resveratrol,     (E)-5-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)-1,3-benzenediol, (E)-resveratrol,     3,4′,5-stilbenetriol; -   trastuzumab, Genentech brand of trastuzumab, Herceptin, Hoffman-La     Roche brand of trastuzumab; -   Trazodone, AF 1161, AF-1161, AF1161; -   Tremode, 1,2-Benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonamide,     1,2-benzoxazol-3-ylmethanesulfonamide,     3-(Sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole; -   Tremorine, Tremorine; -   Tretinoin, all trans Retinoic Acid, all-trans-Retinoic Acid, beta     all trans Retinoic Acid; -   Triad, Triad, Triad resin, Triad VLC; -   Triamcinolone, Aristocort, Triamcinolone, Volon; -   triazolam,     8-chloro-6-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine,     Halcion, triazolam; -   triazoles, triazole compounds, triazoles; -   tributylstannane, SnBu3H, TBT, Tri-n-butyltin; -   trichostatins, trichostatin, trichostatins; -   Triclosan, 2-Hydroxy-2′,4,4′-trichlorodiphenyl Ether, Aquasept,     Clearasil Daily Face Wash; -   triethylamine, triethylamine, triethylamine acetate, triethylamine     dinitrate; -   Trifluoperazine, Allphar Brand of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride, Apo     Trifluoperazine, Apo-Trifluoperazine; -   trimethylaminocarboxyldihydroboran, TCDB,     trimethylamin-carboxyl-dihydro-boran,     trimethylaminocarboxyldihydroboran; -   trioctyl phosphine oxide, trioctyl phosphine oxide; -   Triolein, Glycerol Trioleate, Trielaidin, Trioleate Glycerin; -   tripterine, celastrol, tripterine; -   triptolide, PG490, triptolide; -   triterpenoids, Triterpenoid, triterpenoids; -   troglitazone,     5-(4-((6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl-methoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione),     CS 045, CS-045; -   Troleandomycin, Oleandocetin, Pfizer Brand of Troleandomycin, TAO; -   TTNPB,     (E)-4-(2-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propen-1-yl)benzoic     acid,     (e)-4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic     acid, (e)-4-(2-(5,     6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-napthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic     acid; -   tubocapsanolide A, tubocapsanolide A; -   Tunicamycin, Tunicamycin; -   tyrphostin AG 1478, 4-(3-chloroanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, AG     1478, AG-1478; -   tyrphostin AG-490, AG 490, AG-490, AG490; tyrphostin AG17,     tyrphostin AG17; -   U 0126, 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)butadiene,     U 0126, U-0126; -   Ubizol, Androsta-1,4-diene-17-carbothioic acid,     6,9-difluoro-11-hydroxy-16-methyl-3-oxo-17-(1-oxopropoxy)-,     (6alpha,11beta,16alpha,17alpha)-S-(fluoromethyl) ester, Asmatil,     atemur; -   Ufur, 1-UFT protocol,     5-fluoro-1-(2-tetrahydrofuranyl)pyrimidine-2,4-dione;     1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione,     5-fluoro-1-(oxolan-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-dione;     1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione; -   UK 157147, UK 157,147, UK 157147, UK-147,157; -   Uprima, (−)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine, 6a-beta-Aporphine-10,11-diol,     6abeta-aporphine-10,11-diol; -   Uran, 238U, 238U Element, Uran; -   uranyl acetate, uranyl acetate; -   urethane, carbamic acid ethyl ester, ethyl carbamate, urethane; -   Urex, 2-Furfurylamino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid,     4-chloro-2-(2-furylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoyl-benzoic acid,     4-chloro-2-(2-furylmethylamino)-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid; -   urinastatin, acid-stable protease inhibitor, Miraclid, MR 20; -   Urso, (3alpha,5beta,7beta)-3,7-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid,     (3alpha,5beta,7beta,8xi)-3,7-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid,     (4R)-4-[(3R,5S,7S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoic     acid; -   USAN, (1-p-Chlorobenzoyl-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl)acetic acid,     1-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid,     1-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid &     MAP-30; -   valerenic acid, valerenic acid; -   valspodar, 3′-keto-Bmt(1)-Val(2)-cyclosporin A, PSC 833, PSC-833; -   venlafaxine,     1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]cyclohexanol,     COc1ccc(cc1)C(CN(C)C)C2(O)CCCCC2, Elafax; -   Verapamil, Calan, Cordilox, Dexverapamil; -   verlukast,     (3-(3-(2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl)phenyl)((3-dimethylamino-3-oxopropyl)thio)methyl)thiopropanoic     acid, L 660,711, L 660711; -   vesnarinone, vesnarinone; -   Viagra,     1-((3-(6,7-Dihydro-1-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)-4-ethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-4-methylpiperazine     citrate (1:1),     5-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl-phenyl]-methyl-3-propyl-4H-pyrazolo[5,4-e]pyrimidin-7-one;     2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid,     5-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonylphenyl]-1-methyl-3-propyl-4H-pyrazolo[5,4-e]pyrimidin-7-one;     2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; -   Vigil, (+−)-Modafinil,     (−)-2-((R)-(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl)acetamide,     2-((Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl)acetamide; -   vincristine, 22-oxovincaleukoblastine, leurocristine, vincristine; -   vinflunine, vinflunine; -   vinorelbine, 5′-nor-anhydrovinblastine, KW 2307, KW-2307;     vinpocetine, Armstrong brand of vinpocetine, Cavinton, Celltech     brand of vinpocetine; -   violacein,     3-(1,2-dihydro-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-yl)-2-oxo-3H-pyrrol-3-ylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-one,     violacein; -   Vira-A,     (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol,     .alpha.-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine, .beta.-Adenosine; -   voriconazole, Pfizer brand of voriconazole, UK 109,496, UK 109496; -   vorozole,     6-((4-chlorophenyl)-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzotriazole,     R 76713, R 83839; -   VX680, cyclopropane carboxylic     acid(4-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(5-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanyl)phenyl)amide,     MK-0457, VE 465; -   Warfarin, 4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one,     Aldo Brand of Warfarin Sodium, Aldocumar; -   WAY-169916, WAY-169916; -   Win 55212-2,     (2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl)methanone     monomethanesulfonate, 6H-Pyrrolo(3,2,1-ij)quinolin-6-one,     4,5-dihydro-2-methyl-4-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-1-(1-naphthalenylcarbonyl)-,     (R)—, WIN 55,212; -   withaferin A, 5,6-epoxy-4,22,27-trihydroxy-1-oxoergosta-2,24-dienoic     acid delta-lactone, withaferin A; -   WLN: QR BG, 2-Chloro-1-hydroxybenzene, 2-Chlorophenol,     2-Hydroxychlorobenzene; -   WLN: RVR, .alpha.-Oxodiphenylmethane, .alpha.-Oxoditane,     alpha-oxodiphenylmethane; -   WLN: ZSWR, BENZENESULFONAMIDE, Benzenesulphonamide,     Benzol-sulfonamide; -   xanthohumol,     1-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one,     desmethylxanthohumol, xanthohumol; -   Xaxa, 2-(ACETYLOXY)BENZOIC ACID, 2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acid,     2-acetoxybenzoic acid; -   Xylit, (2S,4R)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol, 1,2,3,4,5-Pentanepentol,     Adonit; -   Y 27632, N-(4-pyridyl)-4-(1-aminoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide, Y     27632, Y 27632, (4(R)-trans)-isomer; -   yristate,     (1aR,1bS,4aR,7aS,7bS,8R,9R,9aS)-9a-acetoxy-4-a,7b-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-5-oxo-1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,7b,8,9,9a-decahydro-1H-cyclopropa[3,4]benzo[1,2-e]azulen-9-yl     tetradecanoate, -one 9a-acetate, (+)-(8CI), Err: 508; -   Z 338,     N—(N′,N′-diisopropylaminoethyl)-(2-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzoylamino)-1,3-thiazole-4-yl)carboxyamide,     YM 443, YM-443; -   zafirlukast,     4-(5-cyclopentyloxycarbonylamino-2-methylindol-3-yl-methyl)-3-methoxy-N—O-tolylsulfonylbenzamide,     Accolate, Aeronix; -   Zalcitabine, 2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine, ddC (Antiviral),     Dideoxycytidine; -   zardaverine,     6-(4-difluoromethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3(2H)pyridazinone,     zardaverine; -   ZD 9331, BGC9331, ZD 9331, ZD-9331; -   Zearalenone, F 2 Toxin, F-2 Toxin, F2 Toxin; -   Zeldox, 2H-Indol-2-one,     5-(2-(4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-,     5-[2-[4-(1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-6-chloro-2-indolinone,     5-[2-[4-(1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-6-chloro-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one; -   zerumbone, zerumbone; -   Zidovudine, 3′ Azido 3′ deoxythymidine,     3′-Azido-2′,3′-Dideoxythymidine, 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine; -   zileuton, A 64077, A-64077, Abbot 64077; -   Zocor,     (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-{2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl}-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl     2,2-dimethylbutanoate, 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid     (1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-8-[2-[(2R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]ethyl]-1-naphthalenyl     ester, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid     [(1S,3R,7S,8S,8aR)-8-[2-[(2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-tetrahydropyranyl]ethyl]-3,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]ester; -   zopiclone,     6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-6,7-dihydro-7-oxo-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-yl     4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxylate, AbZ brand of zopiclone, Aliud     brand of zopiclone; -   Zymosan, Zymosan, Zymosan A; -   Trospium chloride, 2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenyl-acetic acid     [(1R,5S)-spiro[8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8,1′-azolidin-1-ium]-3-yl]ester     chloride, 2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetic acid     [(1R,5S)-3-spiro[8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8,1′-azolidin-1-ium]yl]ester     chloride,     3-((hydroxydiphenylacetyl)oxy)-spiro(8-azoniabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-8,1′-pyrrolidinium     chloride; -   Valproic Acid, 2 Propylpentanoic Acid, 2-Propylpentanoic Acid,     Calcium Valproate;

In preferred embodiments the present invention is defined as follows:

1. The method of treating or preventing pain in a subject comprising the administration of a therapeutic compound selected from the compounds of table 1. 2. The method of reducing pain in a subject or to treat train comprising the administration of an antagonist of one or more of the genes or gene products thereof, selected from genes CACNA2D3 (alpha-2-delta-3), PIK3CG or any gene selected from one or more of the genes listed in table 1, in particular selected from CG10033, CG10095, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186, CG10228, CG10265, CG1031, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10537, CG10550, CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667, CG10686, CG10689, CG10689, CG10691, CG10706, CG10711, CG10728, CG10746, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10882, CG10932, CG10936, CG10954, CG10988, CG1100, CG1100, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081, CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG1130, CG11352, CG11456, CG11508, CG1152, CG11555, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11594, CG11637, CG11637, CG11638, CG11642, CG11715, CG1180, CG1180, CG11820, CG11857, CG11865, CG11878, CG11893, CG11895, CG1193, CG11930, CG11942, CG11967, CG11992, CG12004, CG12030, CG12035, CG12052, CG12079, CG12082, CG12093, CG12131, CG12135, CG12199, CG12209, CG12235, CG12269, CG12290, CG12334, CG12373, CG12559, CG12637, CG1264, CG12641, CG12641, CG12645, CG12663, CG12749, CG12796, CG12797, CG12831, CG12878, CG12932, CG12938, CG12954, CG12975, CG13035, CG13047, CG13061, CG13069, CG13074, CG13096, CG13110, CG13130, CG13130, CG13162, CG13194, CG13196, CG13196, CG13243, CG13308, CG13319, CG13403, CG13559, CG13575, CG13623, CG1371, CG1387, CG13998, CG14028, CG1406, CG14065, CG14086, CG14214, CG14217, CG14240, CG14252, CG14274, CG14351, CG14362, CG14374, CG14374, CG14376, CG14506, CG14514, CG14590, CG14659, CG14710, CG14750, CG14755, CG14804, CG14818, CG14940, CG14952, CG14980, CG15059, CG15120, CG15153, CG15167, CG15254, CG15307, CG15321, CG15324, CG15427, CG15570, CG15604, CG15604, CG15884, CG16778, CG1683, CG16840, CG16852, CG16854, CG16873, CG16899, CG16932, CG16975, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709, CG17137, CG17146, CG17150, CG17189, CG17234, CG1725, CG17255, CG17266, CG17293, CG17295, CG17521, CG1759, CG17612, CG17673, CG17697, CG17943, CG1800, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130, CG18249, CG18332, CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18372, CG1845, CG18480, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666, CG1915, CG1921, CG1921, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2060, CG2079, CG2100, CG2109, CG2128, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG2901, CG3000, CG30004, CG30004, CG30005, CG30039, CG30050, CG30073, CG30291, CG30342, CG30383, CG30384, CG30404, CG3083, CG3105, CG31065, CG31068, CG31110, CG31267, CG31299, CG31300, CG31623, CG31713, CG31716, CG31718, CG3181, CG3184, CG31841, CG31842, CG31876, CG31886, CG31908, CG31936, CG31955, CG31962, CG32016, CG32025, CG32045, CG32057, CG32121, CG3213, CG32148, CG32150, CG32176, CG32193, CG32219, CG32227, CG3224, CG32278, CG32296, CG32296, CG32313, CG32333, CG32346, CG3241, CG32531, CG32533, CG32540, CG32604, CG32614, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG3269, CG32698, CG3270, CG32703, CG32736, CG32779, CG32779, CG32779, CG32792, CG3291, CG3295, CG3298, CG33002, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33128, CG33135, CG33147, CG33149, CG33166, CG33202, CG33261, CG33275, CG33275, CG3330, CG33346, CG33350, CG3344, CG33484, CG33500, CG33500, CG3351, CG33512, CG33512, CG33530, CG33547, CG33547, CG33653, CG33980, CG34059, CG34140, CG34140, CG34159, CG3421, CG34339, CG34341, CG34364, CG34383, CG34400, CG34401, CG34401, CG34416, CG3474, CG3520, CG3569, CG3581, CG3604, CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3735, CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3981, CG4013, CG4040, CG4083, CG4094, CG4109, CG4217, CG42250, CG4247, CG4247, CG4260, CG4279, CG4279, CG4351, CG4365, CG4396, CG4459, CG4477, CG4502, CG4550, CG4560, CG4584, CG4587, CG4612, CG4633, CG4633, CG4648, CG4655, CG4673, CG4692, CG4698, CG4742, CG4775, CG4795, CG4798, CG4799, CG4806, CG4807, CG4830, CG4875, CG4875, CG4887, CG4946, CG4975, CG4977, CG5003, CG5012, CG5012, CG5013, CG5014, CG5014, CG5121, CG5134, CG5160, CG5179, CG5183, CG5198, CG5201, CG5219, CG5219, CG5261, CG5287, CG5330, CG5405, CG5411, CG5473, CG5499, CG5516, CG5519, CG5565, CG5580, CG5611, CG5643, CG5644, CG5703, CG5723, CG5725, CG5725, CG5727, CG5757, CG5788, CG5800, CG5818, CG5819, CG5821, CG5842, CG5884, CG5889, CG5890, CG5902, CG5934, CG5940, CG5949, CG5969, CG5977, CG5986, CG6006, CG6098, CG6136, CG6143, CG6177, CG6210, CG6249, CG6340, CG6395, CG6457, CG6496, CG6536, CG6549, CG6553, CG6571, CG6575, CG6582, CG6583, CG6605, CG6620, CG6637, CG6673, CG6703, CG6721, CG6724, CG6822, CG6824, CG6930, CG6930, CG6946, CG6948, CG6963, CG6971, CG6971, CG6972, CG6987, CG6998, CG7006, CG7007, CG7007, CG7010, CG7015, CG7025, CG7059, CG7081, CG7099, CG7100, CG7109, CG7129, CG7145, CG7160, CG7175, CG7175, CG7187, CG7194, CG7211, CG7223, CG7225, CG7292, CG7311, CG7342, CG7358, CG7371, CG7376, CG7422, CG7430, CG7443, CG7467, CG7494, CG7494, CG7497, CG7507, CG7556, CG7583, CG7636, CG7664, CG7708, CG7708, CG7712, CG7728, CG7730, CG7800, CG7800, CG7811, CG7816, CG7856, CG7873, CG7946, CG7957, CG8005, CG8008, CG8009, CG8014, CG8014, CG8029, CG8039, CG8048, CG8107, CG8110, CG8114, CG8203, CG8233, CG8288, CG8325, CG8326, CG8394, CG8432, CG8436, CG8440, CG8487, CG8520, CG8625, CG8631, CG8651, CG8732, CG8764, CG8849, CG8912, CG8914, CG8985, CG8985, CG9022, CG9022, CG9032, CG9067, CG9102, CG9160, CG9172, CG9231, CG9280, CG9311, CG9323, CG9350, CG9388, CG9447, CG9453, CG9460, CG9519, CG9537, CG9548, CG9603, CG9636, CG9636, CG9650, CG9696, CG9739, CG9742, CG9753, CG9753, CG9825, CG9825, CG9901, CG9901, CG9948, or an ortholog thereof, preferably wherein the antagonist is selected from an antibody or an inhibitory RNA, particularly a siRNA. 3. The method according to definition 1 or 2, characterized in that a the compound or antagonist is administered in a effective therapeutic dose. 4. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 3, characterized in that the compound is administered topical, enteral or parenteral, in particular preferred oral or rectal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal or intraperitoneal, transdermal, transmucosal or inhalational. 5. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 4, characterized in that the subject is mammal, preferably a human. 6. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 5, characterized in that the compound or antagonist is provided in a medicament. 7. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 6, characterized in that the compound or antagonist is provided together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or buffer. 8. The method of any one of definitions 1 to 6, characterized in that the compound or antagonist is administered in a dosage of between 0.01 mg/kg and 1 g/kg.9. Use of a compound as defined in definition 1 or an antagonist as defined in definition 2, preferably further defined as in any one of definitions 3 to 8, for the manufacture of an analgesic or for the treatment of pain. 10. Compound as defined in definition 1 or an antagonist as defined in definition 2 for use in a therapeutic method for the treatment of pain, preferably as further defined in any one of definitions 3 to 8. 11. Method according to any one of definitions 1 to 8, use of definition 9 or compound of definition 10, wherein pain is selected from or associated with chronic or acute pain or hyperalgesiaain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psychogenic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain, nociception, hyperalgesia, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myofascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound associated pain, inflammatory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer, somatic visceral pain, phantom pain, or any combination thereof. 12. The method of modulating the gene expression or gene function in a cell, wherein the gene is selected from one or more of the genes listed in table 1, in particular selected from CAC-NA2D3, PIK3CG, CG10033, CG10095, CG10142, CG10153, CG10158, CG10186, CG10186, CG10228, CG10265, CG1031, CG10332, CG10332, CG10481, CG10537, CG10550, CG1058, CG10583, CG10603, CG10603, CG10612, CG10641, CG10667, CG10686, CG10689, CG10689, CG10691, CG10706, CG10711, CG10728, CG10746, CG10800, CG10823, CG1086, CG10882, CG10932, CG10936, CG10954, CG10988, CG1100, CG1100, CG1101, CG11033, CG11081, CG11183, CG1119, CG11280, CG1130, CG11352, CG11456, CG11508, CG1152, CG11555, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11594, CG11637, CG11637, CG11638, CG11642, CG11715, CG1180, CG1180, CG11820, CG11857, CG11865, CG11878, CG11893, CG11895, CG1193, CG11930, CG11942, CG11967, CG11992, CG12004, CG12030, CG12035, CG12052, CG12079, CG12082, CG12093, CG12131, CG12135, CG12199, CG12209, CG12235, CG12269, CG12290, CG12334, CG12373, CG12559, CG12637, CG1264, CG12641, CG12641, CG12645, CG12663, CG12749, CG12796, CG12797, CG12831, CG12878, CG12932, CG12938, CG12954, CG12975, CG13035, CG13047, CG13061, CG13069, CG13074, CG13096, CG13110, CG13130, CG13130, CG13162, CG13194, CG13196, CG13196, CG13243, CG13308, CG13319, CG13403, CG13559, CG13575, CG13623, CG1371, CG1387, CG13998, CG14028, CG1406, CG14065, CG14086, CG14214, CG14217, CG14240, CG14252, CG14274, CG14351, CG14362, CG14374, CG14374, CG14376, CG14506, CG14514, CG14590, CG14659, CG14710, CG14750, CG14755, CG14804, CG14818, CG14940, CG14952, CG14980, CG15059, CG15120, CG15153, CG15167, CG15254, CG15307, CG15321, CG15324, CG15427, CG15570, CG15604, CG15604, CG15884, CG16778, CG1683, CG16840, CG16852, CG16854, CG16873, CG16899, CG16932, CG16975, CG17003, CG17027, CG1709, CG17137, CG17146, CG17150, CG17189, CG17234, CG1725, CG17255, CG17266, CG17293, CG17295, CG17521, CG1759, CG17612, CG17673, CG17697, CG17943, CG1800, CG1804, CG18069, CG18088, CG18130, CG18249, CG18332, CG18332, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18350, CG18372, CG1845, CG18480, CG18624, CG18624, CG18666, CG1915, CG1921, CG1921, CG1966, CG1968, CG1982, CG2038, CG2060, CG2079, CG2100, CG2109, CG2128, CG2158, CG2161, CG2257, CG2257, CG2286, CG2346, CG2371, CG2371, CG2503, CG2522, CG2747, CG2848, CG2848, CG2872, CG2872, CG2901, CG3000, CG30004, CG30004, CG30005, CG30039, CG30050, CG30073, CG30291, CG30342, CG30383, CG30384, CG30404, CG3083, CG3105, CG31065, CG31068, CG31110, CG31267, CG31299, CG31300, CG31623, CG31713, CG31716, CG31718, CG3181, CG3184, CG31841, CG31842, CG31876, CG31886, CG31908, CG31936, CG31955, CG31962, CG32016, CG32025, CG32045, CG32057, CG32121, CG3213, CG32148, CG32150, CG32176, CG32193, CG32219, CG32227, CG3224, CG32278, CG32296, CG32296, CG32313, CG32333, CG32346, CG3241, CG32531, CG32533, CG32540, CG32604, CG32614, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG32678, CG3269, CG32698, CG3270, CG32703, CG32736, CG32779, CG32779, CG32779, CG32792, CG3291, CG3295, CG3298, CG33002, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33106, CG33128, CG33135, CG33147, CG33149, CG33166, CG33202, CG33261, CG33275, CG33275, CG3330, CG33346, CG33350, CG3344, CG33484, CG33500, CG33500, CG3351, CG33512, CG33512, CG33530, CG33547, CG33547, CG33653, CG33980, CG34059, CG34140, CG34140, CG34159, CG3421, CG34339, CG34341, CG34364, CG34383, CG34400, CG34401, CG34401, CG34416, CG3474, CG3520, CG3569, CG3581, CG3604, CG3613, CG3619, CG3619, CG3619, CG3707, CG3711, CG3717, CG3735, CG3905, CG3943, CG3949, CG3955, CG3981, CG4013, CG4040, CG4083, CG4094, CG4109, CG4217, CG42250, CG4247, CG4247, CG4260, CG4279, CG4279, CG4351, CG4365, CG4396, CG4459, CG4477, CG4502, CG4550, CG4560, CG4584, CG4587, CG4612, CG4633, CG4633, CG4648, CG4655, CG4673, CG4692, CG4698, CG4742, CG4775, CG4795, CG4798, CG4799, CG4806, CG4807, CG4830, CG4875, CG4875, CG4887, CG4946, CG4975, CG4977, CG5003, CG5012, CG5012, CG5013, CG5014, CG5014, CG5121, CG5134, CG5160, CG5179, CG5183, CG5198, CG5201, CG5219, CG5219, CG5261, CG5287, CG5330, CG5405, CG5411, CG5473, CG5499, CG5516, CG5519, CG5565, CG5580, CG5611, CG5643, CG5644, CG5703, CG5723, CG5725, CG5725, CG5727, CG5757, CG5788, CG5800, CG5818, CG5819, CG5821, CG5842, CG5884, CG5889, CG5890, CG5902, CG5934, CG5940, CG5949, CG5969, CG5977, CG5986, CG6006, CG6098, CG6136, CG6143, CG6177, CG6210, CG6249, CG6340, CG6395, CG6457, CG6496, CG6536, CG6549, CG6553, CG6571, CG6575, CG6582, CG6583, CG6605, CG6620, CG6637, CG6673, CG6703, CG6721, CG6724, CG6822, CG6824, CG6930, CG6930, CG6946, CG6948, CG6963, CG6971, CG6971, CG6972, CG6987, CG6998, CG7006, CG7007, CG7007, CG7010, CG7015, CG7025, CG7059, CG7081, CG7099, CG7100, CG7109, CG7129, CG7145, CG7160, CG7175, CG7175, CG7187, CG7194, CG7211, CG7223, CG7225, CG7292, CG7311, CG7342, CG7358, CG7371, CG7376, CG7422, CG7430, CG7443, CG7467, CG7494, CG7494, CG7497, CG7507, CG7556, CG7583, CG7636, CG7664, CG7708, CG7708, CG7712, CG7728, CG7730, CG7800, CG7800, CG7811, CG7816, CG7856, CG7873, CG7946, CG7957, CG8005, CG8008, CG8009, CG8014, CG8014, CG8029, CG8039, CG8048, CG8107, CG8110, CG8114, CG8203, CG8233, CG8288, CG8325, CG8326, CG8394, CG8432, CG8436, CG8440, CG8487, CG8520, CG8625, CG8631, CG8651, CG8732, CG8764, CG8849, CG8912, CG8914, CG8985, CG8985, CG9022, CG9022, CG9032, CG9067, CG9102, CG9160, CG9172, CG9231, CG9280, CG9311, CG9323, CG9350, CG9388, CG9447, CG9453, CG9460, CG9519, CG9537, CG9548, CG9603, CG9636, CG9636, CG9650, CG9696, CG9739, CG9742, CG9753, CG9753, CG9825, CG9825, CG9901, CG9901, CG9948, or an ortholog counterpart thereof, comprising administering a compound of table 1 to said cell. 13. The method of definition 12, wherein the cell is a nerve cell. 14. The method of definition 12 or 13, wherein administration treats, alleviates or prevents pain or hyperalgesia in a subject.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples.

FIGURES

FIG. 1. Thermal nociception in adult Drosophila.

(A) Schematic representation of the thermal nociception assay in adult Drosophila. (B) Avoidance of noxious temperature of 46° C., but not avoidance of “sub-noxious” temperatures (25-35° C.), is impaired in painless mutant (Painless(EP(2)2451) flies compared to the control strain Canton S (control). Data are presented as mean values+/−SEM. ˜20 flies were tested per group, in replicates of at least four cohorts. Significant differences (P<0.001) were observed for temperature and strain responses. Further post hoc (Tukey's) analysis showed a significant temperature avoidance response at 46□C. for control (*, P<0.05) but not painless flies when compared to responses at 25° C. (C) To set up the experimental screening system, w¹¹¹⁸ (isogenic to the UAS-IR library) x elav-Gal4 flies (Control, grey; n=1706) and painless mutant flies (painless, blue; n=1816) were tested for avoidance to noxious heat (46° C.). Based on these data a Z-score >=1.65 was calculated as a specific cut-off to identify lines for further screening. Elav-Gal4 (also containing UAS-Dicer 2 (UAS-DRC2) for more efficient gene silencing) females were crossed to UAS-IR lines to knock-down the target genes in all neurons. All lines that exhibited a thermal avoidance defect (Z-score >=1.65) were re-rested multiple times. (D) Results of the genome-wide screen. ˜3% (622 transformants) of total lines tested (16051) exhibited a defect in thermal nociception, resulting in 580 candidate pain genes (622 transgenic lines). (E) Distribution of adult thermal nociception and developmental lethal hits for 16051 Drosophila UAS-IR lines. 1427 elav-Gal4 x UAS-IR lines were developmentally lethal (lethal). Among the 14624 viable lines, 562 lines exhibited defective thermal nociception (pain). Additional 60 lines that exhibited defective nociception as well as a semi-lethal phenotype were labeled as pain & lethal.

FIG. 2. Straightjacket controls thermal nociception in adult Drosophila.

(A) Diagram of the α2-δ family encoding peripheral subunits of Ca²⁺ channels. (B) RNAi knock-down of stj impairs noxious thermal avoidance in adult Drosophila (% avoidance of noxious temperature). stj-IR1=Inverted repeat 1, stj-IR2=Inverted repeat 2, both crossed to elav-Gal4; UAS-DCR2. (C) Q-PCR for stj-Knock-down efficiency in elav-Gal4>UAS-stj-IR1/2 adult fly brains. (D) Kinetics of temperature-induced paralysis for control and elav-Gal4>UAS-stj flies. (E) stj-Gal4 driving expression of lamin:GFP to label nuclei and cell surface CD8:GFP to visualize axonal projections in the brain of adult flies. The pars intercerebralis is marked with an arrow. (F) Colocalization of anti-STJ immunostaining and stj-Gal4>UAS-lamin:GFP. The pars intercerebralis is marked with an arrow. (G) stj in situ hybridization in the leg of wild type (w₁₁₁₈) flies. Of note, the sense control did not show any signal. DAPI counterstaining is shown as mark nuclei. All data are presented as mean±sem. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 (Student's t-test).

FIG. 3. Straightjacket controls thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae.

1. (A) stj-GAL4 driven expression of UAS-CD8:GFP in larval body wall sensory neurons co-stained with anti-Futsch as a marker for sensory neurons. CD8:GFP expression co-localizes with sensory neurons (Futsch) in larval abdominal hemi-segments (A3) (top panels), and multidendritic sensory neurons (bottom panels). (B) Pan-neuronal knock-down of stj (UAS-stj-IR x elav), a mutant of stj (stj2), and stj mutant larvae over a corresponding deficiency Df(2R)Exel7128 (stj2/def) show severely impaired thermal no-ciception responses compared to w1118 x elav controls. painless larvae are shown as a control. The impaired larval thermal responses of a stj/def was rescued by reintroducing a wild type stj allele using the P[acman] system (stj2/def, stj+) (Venken et al., 2009). Percent responses ±sem to a 46° C. heated probe are shown for the indicated time points. Mean response latency ±sem. P value was generated using a Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test for median comparison with the Dunn's post-hoc test. All P values depicted highlight significance relative to control responses. stj rescue was also significantly difference from stj2 and stj2/def, (P<0.001). At least 20 animals were tested three times per genotype.

FIG. 4. α2δ3 is required for thermal pain responses in mice.

8. (A) Southern blotting of genomic DNA in α2δ3 wild type (+/+) and α2δ3 heterozygous (+/−) ES cells to confirm successful gene targeting. The endogenous wild type and targeted alleles are indicated. A 5′ probe was used on Nhe I digested genomic DNA. (B) α2δ3 and α2δ1 protein expression in brain and isolated DRG lysated from α2δ3+/+(+/+), α2δ3+/−(+/−), and α2δ3−/− (−/−) mice. Actin is shown as a loading control. (C) Using the hot plate assay, α2δ3 mutant mice (n=16) show a delayed acute thermal nociception response as compared to control α2δ3+/+ mice (n=12). Littermate mice were used as a control. Values represent the latency (seconds) to respond to the indicated temperatures. (D) CFA-induced inflammatory pain behavior. CFA (20 μl) was injected into the hindpaw of α2δ3+/−(+/+, n=10) and α2δ3−/− (−/−, n=21) littermates and mice were tested for thermal pain (54° C.) using the hot plate assay on the indicated days. Days 1, 3, 5, and 7 indicate days after CFA injection. All data are presented as mean values±sem. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; *** P<0.001 comparing mutant versus control mice. #P<0.05 comparing sensitization to baseline (day −2) of the same genotype (Student's t-test).

FIG. 5. Polymorphisms in CACNA2D3 (α2δ3) associate with decreased acute and chronic pain in humans.

(A) Schematic representation of the human CACNA2D3 gene locus on chromosome 3p21.1. The positions of the SNPs assayed are indicated. Blue boxes represent exons. The relative gene position is given in megabases (Mb). (B) Homozygous carriers of the rs6777055 minor allele (C/C) were significantly less sensitive to heat wind-up induced sensitivity relative to the other genotypes (C/A or A/A). (C) Of 169 lumbar chronic root pain patients 1 year post discectomy those homozygous for the minor allele C/C at SNP rs6777055 and A/A at SNP rs1851048 were less sensitive than the other allele combinations. In each case, the homozygous minor allele is associated with significantly less pain. Note that genotyping was not always successful for every individual, hence, the slightly different total numbers in the chronic pain group. All data are presented as mean values±sem. *p<0.05 (Student's t-test).

FIG. 6. α2δ3 is expressed in the brain and relays the pain signal to higher order brain centers.

(A) β-Gal staining of whole brain slices from α2δ3^(+/−) mice that carry the LacZ cassette. Different brain regions that are positive for LacZ expression are indicated. White lines indicate the brain slices displayed in FIG. 7A. (B-C) Quantification of % BOLD change and mean activation volume (in voxels) for (B) the thalamus and (C) the S1 somato-sensory cortex of α2δ3^(+/+) and α2δ3^(−/−) mice. Of note, it has been proposed that the S1 cortical region is involved in the localisation of nociception (Treede et al., 1999). The different stimulation temperatures are indicated. Data are presented as mean+/−sem. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (Student's t-test comparing the respective control and α2δ3^(−/−) groups). (D) Cross-correlation matrix of time profiles. Whereas the pain signal spreads from the thalamus to other higher order pain centers in α2δ3^(+/+) mice (red areas), in α2δ3^(−/−) mice correlated activation can be only observed up to the level of the thalamus. Very weak activity is found in somato-sensory cortex (SC) for α2δ3^(−/−) mice (green stripes). Data from the structures of left side of the brain are shown following challenge with noxious heat (55° C.) at the right hindpaw. SI: sensory input; Th: thalamus; SC: somato-sensory cortex; AC: association cortex; LL: link to limbic system; LS: limbic system; HT: hypothalamus; BG: basal ganglia; C. cerebellum; M: motor cortex, P: periaquaeductal gray. Correlation-coefficients (cc) are given in the range from 0 (green), to +1 (red). n=20 for α2δ3^(+/+); n=18 for α2δ3^(−/−).

FIG. 7. α2δ3 mutant mice exhibit sensory cross-activation in response to thermal and tactile stimuli.

(A) Second order statistical parameters maps showing only the significant differences of heat (55° C.) and tactile (vibrissae) stimulation induced brain activation between α2δ3^(+/+) and α2δ3^(−/−) mutant mice. Activation was assessed by BOLD-fMRI. The three planes correspond to the white lines shown in FIG. 6A. The green/blue scale indicates increased peak activation (55° C.) in α2δ3^(+/+) control mice compared to α2δ3^(−/−) mutant mice. The yellow/red scale indicates increased activation in α2δ3^(−/−) mutant mice compared to α2δ3^(+/+) control mice. Images depict significant differences of second order group statistics corrected for multiple comparisons over all mice tested (n=20 for α2δ3^(+/+) mice, n=18 for α2δ3^(−/−) mice). Arrows point to activated regions; note that for heat stimulation the S1/S2 somato-sensory cortex, the cingulate (Cg) cortex and the motor (M) cortex show significantly higher activity in α2δ3^(+/+) controls. In α2δ3^(−/−) mice, heat stimulation leads to significantly higher activity auditory cortex (AC), the visual cortex (VC), and the olfactory tubercle (OT), as well as the amygdala (Amd) and the hypothalamus (HT). For tactile stimulation, only one small region in the S1 somatosensory cortex, ipsilateral to the side of stimulation (right), showed significantly higher activity in α2δ3^(+/+) controls, whereas α2δ3^(−/−) mice again exhibited increased activation of the VC, AC, and OT, in addition to the caudate putamen (Cpu), S1 and S2 regions of the somato-sensory cortex, and the superior colliculus (SC). (B,C) % BOLD changes in the auditory cortex (AC), olfactory tubercle (OT), and visual cortex (VC) in control and a2d3^(−/−) mice following (B) heat (55° C.) and (C) tactile vibrissal stimulation. Data is presented as mean values±sem. *p <0.05; **p<0.01 (Student's t-test).

FIG. 8. Thermal nociception in adult Drosophila.

(A) A schematic outline is shown of the thermal nociception assay we developed to assess the behavioral response to avoid noxious heat. The formula to calculate % avoidance is indicated. Of note, temperature at the top surface was measured at 31° C. after 4 minutes. (B) Mean avoidance for all tested 16051 elav-Gal4-Gal4>UAS-IR lines were ranked and a line of best fit was generated to display all avoidance responses. The cut-off used to score the UAS-IR lines with an impaired thermal nociception response is indicted as a dotted line (Z-score >1.65 corresponding to a mean avoidance of 82%). (C) GO (Gene Ontology) classification of adult thermal nociception hits in Drosophila. Pie chart represents the fraction of genes corresponding to each functional category. Numbers indicate the gene counts from all the GO terms included in each functional category. (D) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSA). Significant GO terms are classified according to their parent terms—cellular components (CC), biological processes (BP), and molecular functions (MF). Numbers indicate the number of GO terms that constitute each functional class.

FIG. 9. Brain morphology in stj-knockdown flies and stj-Gal4 expressing neurons and axonal projections in the Drosophila CNS.

(A) NC82 staining of control and stj-knockdown brains. We imaged the entire and did not observe any structural abnormalities. Representative images are shown at anterior and medial regions of the adult Drosophila brain. NC82 labels presynaptic structures and has been previously used to assess brain morphology (Vosshall et al., 2000). (B) Nuclear and projection labeling of stj positive cells in the adult Drosophila brain. Stj-expressing nuclei are situated on the anterior surface and the pars intercerebralis (arrow) of the Drosophila brain. Stj projections cross the posterior brain and can be also found in the connection from the brain to the ventral nerve cord (arrowhead). Depicted are whole brain confocal images of stj-Gal4>UAS-Lamin:GFP and stj-Gal4>UAS-CD8:GFP fly lines. Composite images, and single images from anterior, mid, and posterior brain segments are shown. (C) Nuclear and cell surface labeling of stj positive cells in the Drosophila ventral nerve cord (VNC) labels cell bodies throughout the VNC. CD8:GFP strongly labels neurons in the cervical connective, likely ascending neurons connecting the VNC to the brain (arrow and also see arrow head in B). Data are composite images from stj-Gal4>UAS-Lamin:GFP and stj-Gal4>UAS-CD8:GFP fly lines.

FIG. 10. stj and stj expressing nerves control thermal pain in larvae.

(A) Temperature dose-response for control, stj mutant (stj²), and stj mutant with stj rescue (stj²/Df(2R)Exel7128, stj⁺) Responses were recorded at 44° C., 46° C., 50° C., and 53° C. stj rescue larvae exhibited responses that were not significant compared to control, and significantly faster compared to stj mutants at all temperatures tested (by Kruskal-wallis non-parametric test for median comparison with the Dunn's post-hoc test) (B) stj² point mutant larvae exhibit normal mechanosensation. The Kernan scoring system used was as described (Kernan et al., 1994): 0=no response to touch, 1=a response of pausing mouth-hook movement, 2=responding by withdrawing the anterior or turning away from the touch, 3=a single reverse peristaltic wave away from the touch, and 4=multiple peristaltic waves away from the touch. Wild type Canton S and Painless (Painless(EP(2)2451) larvae are also shown. Larval sensitivities were assessed in first and second instar larvae. All data are presented as mean±sem.

FIG. 11. Characterization of α2δ3 mutant mice.

(A) α2δ3 mutant mice display normal inflammation in the CFA model. CFA (20 μl) was injected into the hindpaw of α2δ3^(+/−) (+/+, n=8) and α2δ3^(−/−) (−/−, n=10) littermates and mice were tested for paw swelling (paw width in mm) at days −2 (2 days before CFA injection), Day 1, and Day 7 using a spring loaded caliper. (B) α2δ3^(−/−) (n=9) and α2δ3^(+/+) littermate controls (n=11) show similar acute mechanical pain thresholds using the von Frey test. (C-D) α2δ3 mutant mice display no obvious phenotype in the open field, (E) tail suspension assays, and (F) Rotarod responses. Mean values±sem from α2δ3^(+/+) (n=12) and α2δ3^(−/−) (n=10) mice are shown. (G) α2δ3 mutant mice display no obvious phenotype in the tail flick response. Mean values±sem from α2δ3^(+/+) (n=12) and α2δ3^(−/−) (n=16) mice are shown. There were no significant statistical differences between the groups. (H) The IV-plots of peak calcium inward currents derived from α2δ3^(−/−) DRGs (red circles, n=20) is identical to α2δ3^(+/+) DRG neurons (black squares, n=20). (1-K) Characterization of voltage-gated calcium current behavior in α2δ3^(+/+) and α2δ3^(−/−) DRGs. (I) the maximal conductance (G) achieved upon membrane depolarization is identical in α2δ3^(+/+) (Gpeak 1.76±0.18 nS/pF and Gsus 1.30±0.14 nS/pF, n=20) and α2δ3^(−/−) (Gpeak 1.65±0.16 nS/pF and Gsus 1.26±0.14 nS/pF, n=20) DRG neurons. (J) Half-maximal voltage of activation (α2δ3^(+/+): V1/2peak −15.16±0.71 mV and V1/2sus −14.82±0.62 mV, n=20; α2δ3−/−: V1/2peak −16.00±0.93 mV and V1/2sus −15.05±0.87 mV, n=20) and (K) the associated slope (α2δ3^(+/+): Speak 5.20±0.43 mV and Ssus 6.35±0.44 mV, N=20; α2δ3^(−/−): Speak 5.30±0.43 mV and Ssus 6.81±0.59 mV, n=20).

FIG. 12. Region specific fMRI activity.

Region-specific quantification of (A) peak height and (B) activated volume for brain structures of the left and right hemisphere after a thermal pain stimulus (55° C.) in α2δ3^(+/+) (n=20) and α2δ3^(−/−) (n=18) mice. MT: medial thalamus; VPL: ventral postolateral/posteromedial thalamic nucleus; S1: primary and S2: secondary somato-sensory regions; Cg: cingulate cortex; Amd: amygdala: HT: hypothalamus; M: motor cortex. % BOLD change indicates increased BOLD signals compared to baseline. Activated volumes are expressed in voxels. All data are presented as mean values±sem. *p<0.05; **p<0.01 (Student's t-test comparing control and α2δ3^(−/−) groups).

FIG. 13. Cross-correlation matrix of the somatosensory pain matrix and negative BOLD fMRI.

(A) Cross-correlation matrix of time profiles of the structures of the somato-sensory pain matrix. Whereas the pain signal spreads from the thalamus to other higher order pain centres in α2δ3^(+/+) mice (left-left: lower left, right-right: upper right; red areas), in α2δ3^(−/−) mice correlated activation can be only observed up to the level of the thalamus. Moreover, much less correlated interhemispheric activity at the left right interaction matrices (left-right: lower right) was observed in the α2δ3^(−/−) mice. Data from the left side and right sides of the brain are shown for the average across α2δ3^(+/+) (n=20) and α2δ3^(−/−) mice (n=18) following challenge with noxious heat (55° C.) at the right hind paw. SI: sensory input; Th: thalamus; SC: sensory cortex; AC: association cortex; LL: link to limbic system; LS: limbic system; HT: hypothalamus; BG: basal ganglia; C, cerebellum; M; motor cortex; P: periaquaeductal gray. Correlation-coefficients (cc) are given in the range from 0 (green) to +1 (red). (B). Negatively correlated BOLD fMRI signals were found in the cingulate (Cg), motor cortex (M), and primary somato-sensory cortex (S1) exclusively in α2δ3^(−/−) mice (right panels, n=18)) following challenge with a thermal pain stimulus (55° C.). n=20 for α2δ3^(+/+) control mice. The yellow lines in the left brain image indicate the brain slices 1 and 2. The size of a voxel is indicated.

FIG. 14. BOLD fMRI signals in the entire mouse brain.

Total BOLD fMRI activation for thermal pain stimulus (45° C., 50° C., 55° C.): peak heights (A) and activated volumes (B) for α2δ3^(+/+) (n=20) and α2δ3^(−/−) mice (n=18). Note that at all temperatures and parameters measured, no significant differences were observed. For vibrissal stimulation significant stronger BOLD activity (C) and larger activation volume (D) were observed for α2δ3^(−/−) (n=5) as compared to control α2δ3^(+/+) (n=7) mice. All data are presented as mean values±sem. **p<0.01 (Student's t-test comparing control and α2δ3^(−/−) groups).

FIG. 15. Conserved regulators of thermal nociception.

GO enrichment analysis for human (A) and mouse (B) orthologs of Drosophila thermal nociception hits. GO terms were pooled into functional categories for data representation. Numbers indicate the counts of GO terms included in each functional category. These GO terms are grouped according to their parent terms—cellular components (CC), biological processes (BP), and molecular functions (MF). (C) Global C2 data set for mammalian orthologs. Functional classification of C2 gene sets (MsigDb, Broad institute) found enriched in mouse and human orthologs of our primary fly candidate thermal nociception genes and their first degree binding partners. The numbers indicate statistically significant C2 genes sets grouped into each functional category.

FIG. 16. A global network map of thermal nociception.

The systems network includes data from the significantly enriched Drosophila KEGG pathways and GO processes, mouse and human KEGG pathways and C2 gene sets. Pathways, processes and gene sets that share a role in a biological process were pooled into functional classes while the underlying genes that constitute them are depicted with a connection to their respective functional class. Functional classes (brown), genes representing direct hits with a thermal nociception phenotype (red), their first degree binding partners (green) and developmental lethal genes (blue) represent the nodes in the network. Only select KEGG pathways, biological processes and C2 gene sets are used to build systems map.

FIG. 17. PI3Kγ controls thermal nociception and capsaicin responses in vivo.

(A) Schematic representation of the human PI3KCG gene locus on chromosome 7qp22.3. The positions of the SNPs assayed are indicated. Blue boxes represent exons. The relative gene position is given in megabases (Mb). Normal and chronic refer to the healthy volunteers and chronic back pain patient cohorts, respectively. Wind up and heat tolerance are indicted for healthy volunteers. Significant values (dominant inheritance; t-test) are indicated. (B) Healthy volunteers carrying the G allele at SNP rs757902 were significantly more sensitive to heat wind-up induced sensitivity relative to the A/A genotype. (C) Of 160 lumbar chronic root pain patients 1 year post discectomy those carrying the G allele at rs757902 exhibited increased pain. Data in B and C are presented as mean values±sem and numbers of carriers of the respective alleles are indicated. (D) Wild type (WT) and PI3 Kg^(−/−) (KO) littermates show enhanced thermal pain thresholds in response to radiant heat (Hargreaves; n=22 for WT and n=27 for KO mice). (E) PI3 Kg KO mice also show enhanced thermal sensitivity in the hot plate assay (n=13 for WT; and n=9 for KO mice) and (F) an exaggerated capsaicin-evoked behavioral response in vivo (n=9 for WT and n=13 for KO mice). (G) Thermal nociception in PI3 Kg^(−/−) (KO) mice reconstituted with wild type (WT->KO) or PI3 Kg^(−/−) (KO->KO) bone marrow. WT mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow are shown as controls. Hot plate assay; 54° C. n>6 for each group. (H) Thermal nociception thresholds in response to radiant heat (Hargreaves test) in littermate control and PI3Kγ kinase-dead (KD) knock-in mice still exhibit enhanced baseline thermal nociception thresholds (n=19 for WT and n=23 for KD mice). Data are presented as mean+/−sem. *p<0.05; **p<0.01 (t-test).

FIG. 18. PI3Kγ acts in DRG as a negative regulator of thermal nociception and capsaicin responses.

(A) Representative temperature response ramps and Arrhenius plots for heat-activated currents measured in single DRG neurons isolated from WT and PI3Kγ KO mice. For temperature response ramps, red lines depict temperature ramp and black lines depict inward current. (B) Q10 as a measure of the rate of inward current changes in response to temperature. n=37 for isolated WT and n=29 for PI3Kγ KO DRG neurons. (C,D) Capsaicin sensitivity of DRG neurons isolated from WT and PI3Kγ KO mice. (C) Shows representative capsaicin responses from a single neuron. (D) Dose-response curves to capsaicin. The capsaicin EC50 is indicated. Numbers indicate numbers of single neurons tested with the indicated capsaicin doses at the respective data points. Electrophysiology data was generated by single neuron patch clamping. Data are presented as mean+/−sem. ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 by Mann-Whitney u-test.

FIG. 19. Flow charts for global bioinformatics analyses.

(A) Flow chart indicating the steps in the conversion of Drosophila candidate thermal nociception genes into mouse and human orthologs. (B) Flow chart indicating KEGG and C2 gene set analysis in Drosophila, mice, and humans. Data from all three organisms were pooled to generate a global network map. See Materials and Methods for details.

FIG. 20. A global network map of thermal nociception based on primary hits without binding partners.

The systems network includes data from the significantly enriched Drosophila KEGG pathways and GO processes, mouse and human KEGG pathways and C2 gene sets based on analysis of primary screening hits without binding partners. Pathways, processes and gene sets that share a role in a biological process were pooled into functional classes while the underlying genes that constitute them are depicted with a connection to their respective functional class. Functional classes (brown), genes representing hits with pain phenotype (red), and developmental lethal genes (blue) are shown in the network.

FIG. 21. Basic behavioral analysis of PI3Kγ KO mice.

PI3Kγ expressing control and PI3 Kg knock-out (KO) mice exhibit similar behavioral responses in multiple paradigms. (A) PI3Kγ KO mice exhibit intact accuracy in a test for skilled reaching and (B) a slight decrease in cages crosses over a 24 hour period; but this trend failed to reach statistical significance. (C) In an open field test, control and PI3Kγ KO mice showed the same activity over a ten minute period and (D) similar levels of anxiety-related defecation. (E) Control and PI3Kγ KO mice exhibited similar coordination in the rotorod test. (F-H) No differences were detected between control and PI3Kγ KO mice in three models of learning: (F) Water maze, (G) T-maze, and (H) passive avoidance learning. (n=11 for control and n=12 for KO for the above tests). (I-J) Basal mechanical sensation was assessed by the von Frey test; PI3Kγ KO mice exhibited normal (I) force threshold and (J) latency. n=21 for WT and n=16 for KO mice. (K) PI3Kγ KO mice also exhibited a comparable sensitivity to acetone (n=21 for WT and n=16 for KO mice). Data are presented as mean+/−sem. In all experiments there we no significant differences (t-test).

FIG. 22. PI3Kγ KO mice show no difference in inflammatory pain responses.

(A) PI3Kγ KO mice exhibit significant enhancement of baseline thermal nociception sensitivity but a comparable degree of thermal hyperalgesia following intraplantar CFA challenge. (B) A sensitization ratio (Baseline/CFA latency) shows similar CFA-induced sensitization in wild type (WT) and PI3Kγ KO mice 10 days after CFA injection. (C) WT and PI3Kγ KO mice exhibit similar paw swelling in response to CFA over the course of the experiment (data shown was recorded at day 8). Data are presented as mean+/−sem. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 by Student's t test.

FIG. 23. Testing of anti-pain compounds

A: Compounds testing performed on pregabalin, cilomilast, zardaverine and roflumilast as described in Example 4.1.3.2. Data are presented as mean values±SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test compared to T=0 paw withdrawal thresholds (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001). B: Compounds testing performed on pregabalin, bosutinib and adefovir as described in Example 4.1.3.3. Data are presented as mean values±SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test compared to T=0 paw withdrawal thresholds (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001). C: Compounds testing performed on pregabalin, dasatinib and tenofovir as described in Example 4.1.3.1. Data are presented as mean values±SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test compared to T=0 paw withdrawal thresholds (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001).

FIG. 24: Testing of anti-pain compounds, chronic inflammatory pain model

A: Von Frey's hairs assay for Indomethiacin, Dasatinib, Tenofovir. Data are presented as mean values±SEM, n=6-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 significantly different from post surgery withdrawal thresholds. B: Von Frey's hairs assay for Indomethiacin, Cimilast, Zardaverine, Roflumilast. Data are presented as mean values±SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 significantly different from post surgery withdrawal thresholds. C: Von Frey's hairs assay for Indomethiacin, Bosutinib, Adefovir. Data are presented as mean values±SEM, n=8-10. Significantly different by Mann-Whitney U test. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 significantly different from post surgery withdrawal thresholds.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Materials and Methods Example 1.1 Fly Stocks

All UAS-IR transgenic fly lines were obtained from the VDRC RNAi library (Dietzl et al., 2007) with the exception of α2δ second hairpins, which were obtained from the Harvard trip stocks. elav with UAS-Dicer 2 was a gift from B. Dickson (Dietzl et al., 2007). Painless(EP(2)2451) was a gift from D. Tracey. Df(2R)Exel712 was obtained from the Exelexis stock collection (Thibault et al., 2004). NP1574-Gal4 was obtained from the Kyoto Institute of Technology Drosophila Genetic Resource Center (Hayashi et al., 2002). The point mutant stj lines stj¹ and stj², the stj deficiency Df(2R)Exel7128, and the stj P[acman] rescue (stj⁺; 1259) flies have been previously described (Ly et al., 2008). These flies were generated by introducing a BAC containing the wild type stj locus into predetermined attP sites in the genome using ΦC31 integrase (Venken et al., 2009). UAS-Lamin:GFP was a gift from N. Stuurman. UAS-shibire^(ts1) and UAS-CD8:GFP were obtained from Bloomington.

Example 1.2 Drosophila Behavioral Tests

For adult thermal preference and avoidance of noxious heat ˜20 four day old flies were placed in an experimental chamber (Nunclon dish 35 mm×10 mm) sealed with scotch tape. All tests were performed in the dark. The bottom of the chamber was heated to 46° C. over 15 seconds by floating on a water bath while the subnoxious zone was measured to be 31° C. at the end of the 4 minute experiment. % Avoidance was calculated by counting the number of flies that failed to avoid the noxious temperature compared to the total number of flies in the chamber. For experiments involving UAS-shibire^(ts1), flies were transferred to the experimental chambers followed by a temperature shift to 30° C. for 60 minutes. Larval pain assays were performed as described (Tracey et al., 2003). Since 3^(rd) instar stj² mutant larvae exhibit motor defects, we only used 1^(st) and 2^(nd) instar stj² larvae and stage-matched control larvae for our experiments. Mechanosensation (Kernan score) was performed as described (Kernan et al., 1994). To set up the experimental assay and to determine a cut-off, where we would always hit painless, multiple control (F1 from w1118 ♂ X virgin elav-Gal4; UAS-DCR2 ♀) and painless mutant flies were tested for thermal avoidance and an avoidance histogram generated. For assessing noxious temperature-induced paralysis, wild type flies were placed in 5 ml polystyrene round bottom tubes (BD Falcon) and exposed to different temperatures (37-46° C. with 1° increments) until 100% of flies were paralyzed. Basic coordination was assessed by tapping the test chamber on the bench and observing general coordination as flies move away from the site of impact as described previously (Dietzl et al., 2007).

Example 1.3 Screening Procedure

For screening, transgenic males harboring a UAS-IR transgene were crossed with elav-Gal-4; DCR2-Gal4 females and F1 progeny were tested for avoidance of noxious heat (46° C.) in our experimental chambers. In our pilot studies, a noxious temperature of 46° C. was found to give the most robust differences between control and painless mutant flies. Of note, 46° C. is the same temperature used to identify painless in larvae (Tracey et al., 2003). For the screening we chose a 4 minute cut-off, based on the difference between control and pain mutant flies. For each fly line, ˜20 adult flies were transferred to the experimental chambers. During retesting flies were also scored for basic coordination before testing by tapping the flies to the bottom of the test chamber after loading and assessing whether flies were slow or uncoordinated when climbing back up the wall of the chamber. For noxious heat avoidance, flies were given a choice between the noxious and non-noxious temperature and after 4 minutes, the number of flies successfully avoiding the noxious heat and the number in the noxious heat zone (which were incapacitated by assay end) were recorded to calculate percent avoidance ((total−failed)/total)×100) for each test. The Z-score was generated as compared to wild type responses (w¹¹¹⁸ x elav; DCR2). A Z-score was generated as follows: ((mean control avoidance−mean test avoidance)/standard deviation control). Flies failing to avoid the noxious temperature in the first round were confirmed with multiple retests. All elav-Gal4>UAS-IR lines with a Z-score >1.65 in the primary screen were tested an average of 6.78 independent times using second UAS-IR transformants. Based on previous use of this RNAi library (Dietzl et al., 2007; Mummery-Widmer et al., 2009) the false positive rate is estimated at 2-7%. To decrease the number of false positives we excluded 55 hairpins with potential off-target effects (more than 6 Can repeats and/or S19 score <0.8 was considered unspecific), leaving 622 transgenic lines corresponding to 580 candidate nociception genes (FIG. 1E).

During hit confirmation for our screen, flies were also assessed for general coordination defects (Dietzl et al., 2007) that could potentially impede noxious thermal avoidance. In addition, to further test whether our hits had a defect that is specific to noxious thermal avoidance and/or exhibited additional alterations in innate behavioral programs (Benzer, 1967), we evaluated fly lines for general coordination by geotactic repulsion and phototactic attraction. To determine if our candidate thermal nociception hits were unable to avoid noxious heat due to increased temperature-sensitivity we assayed temperature-induced paralysis at 38° C., a system that was originally used to identity classic temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants such as shibire and para (Grigliatti et al., 1973; Siddiqi and Benzer, 1976). No significant correlations were observed between thermal nociception genes and phototactic attraction (r²=0.0026), geotactic avoidance (r²=0.00165), or temperature sensitivity (r²=0,005742). Finally, to determine if our candidate pain genes are simply the result of increased temperature-induced paralysis at 46° C., we exposed pain hits to a chamber set to 46° C. and recorded the kinetics of temperature-induced paralysis.

Example 1.4 Functional Annotation of Pain Hits

Of the 580 genes corresponding to the RNAi hits with thermal nociception phenotypes, 391 genes were annotated by GOstat. To find additional information about gene-function of the remaining 189 genes, we searched three other databases for functional information associated with the Drosophila genes and an additional 80 genes were functionally annotated using the following tools:

-   -   1. Panther db (http://www.pantherdb.org/).     -   2. Overlap with neuronal precursor genes published by Brody T.,         et al. (Brody et al., 2002).     -   3. NCBI Gene (Gene Ontology) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene).

Example 1.5 Identification of Fly Orthologs in Mouse and Human

To identify orthologs between Drosophila and mouse or Drosophila and human, we used pre-computed orthology predictions obtained from Compara r49, Homologene (03/08), Inparanoid v6.1, Orthomcl v2 (Kuzniar, et al., Trends Genet. 24, 539 (November, 2008). Since each database query outputs results using a different gene identifier, we transformed all the different identifiers to a single unique Entrez ID, for each gene. Both one-to-one, and many-to-many mappings were observed between the Drosophila and the mammalian genes. In cases where on Drosophila gene mapped to multiple mammalian orthologs, all the predicted orthologs of a given gene, were considered for further downstream analysis. In cases where a mammalian gene of interest had multiple Drosophila orthologs, the fly gene with highest Z-score for the corresponding RNAi hit was mapped.

Example 1.6 GO Classification

Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed using GOstat (http://gostat.wehi.edu.au/). GO analysis was run with Drosophila genes whose RNAi hits have a Z-score >1.65. Over- or under-represented (p<0.1) GO terms with corrections for multiple testing (Benjamini-Yekutieli correction) were identified and compared to all Drosophila genes reported in the flybase (fb). Since terms that occur at a deeper level in the GO tree hierarchy, therefore containing lesser numbers of genes, are considered more biologically informative, we discarded terms containing more than 500 genes from further analysis. Significant GO terms were manually pooled and organized into “functional groups” based on their shared roles in a biological function.

Example 1.7 Binding Partner and Pathway Analyses

Pathway analysis was performed using the Drosophila Pathway database in GeneSpring GX. Briefly, the Pathway database in GeneSpring GX contains binding partners from two sources: 1. those reported in open-source public databases like BIND and IntAct (IMEX consortium) and 2. extracted from Pubmed abstracts using a proprietary natural language processing technique. The tool UI allows a query of the database to build networks of molecular relations (edges) amongst molecules (nodes) of interest. Data from the IMEX consortium only represent protein binding and promoter binding molecular interactions. Using filters in GeneSpring GX, we selected only binding molecular relations reported by the IMEX consortium to create this network, thereby including only experimentally proved physical interactions between the corresponding protein molecules.

Example 1.8 Hypergeometric Enrichment Test

A hypergeometric test, similar to the test used for GO enrichment analysis, was used to identify over-represented gene lists (C2 from Msigdb, BROAD Institute) and pathways (KEGG) amongst the pain hits. The hypergeometric test considers only the percentage representation of genes corresponding to a biological pathway in the precomputed pain gene list. This analysis was performed on the gene list identified as mouse or human orthologs corresponding to adult pain hits (Z-score >1.65) in Drosophila.

Example 1.9 Generation of a Systems Map

For the combined systems map, significant KEGG pathways, C2 gene sets and selected GO functional categories were manually grouped into uniform functional categories. Functional categories chosen for depiction were selected relevant to the biology of pain function. The complete list of functional categories is available in tables S4 and S5. Of these, 37 functional categories were chosen for construction of the systems map. For each functional category, the corresponding genes that mapped to the KEGG pathways, C2 gene sets and GO term, included in the category were extracted. Drosophila orthologs for these genes were found and assigned to the category and visually represented into a systems map. For the construction of Drosophila KEGG pathway systems map, pathways rendered over 90% enriched by GSA analysis, were manually annotated into functional categories. Pain hit genes and their binding partners that belong to any pathway were extracted and assigned to the appropriate higher level functional category. Data was represented as a systems map connecting these functional categories.

Example 1.10 Gene Set Analysis (GSA)

GSA uses lists of genes from biological pathways or processes, to find if the pathway or the process as a whole has been significantly altered by the experimental treatment. A null hypothesis is that “genes of a functionally irrelevant pathway are not clustered at the top of a rank ordered (based on Z-score) list of all genes in the experiment”. The rank order list of 11293 unique genes with Z-scores was obtained from our screen assaying a total of 16051 UAS-IR transformants. Individual gene lists were constructed corresponding to 146 Drosophila KEGG pathways and 45 significant GO terms (corrected p<0.1). Binding partners were identified in yeast-2-hybrid screens reported in the biomolecular interaction network database BIND, i.e. binding partners experimentally confirmed to interact with the candidate thermal nociception genes. An enrichment score (Es) for a gene list (s) was calculated based upon the pain Z-score using the formula:

Es=sum of average Z-scores of all genes in s√(Number of genes in s)

For every s, 100 bootstrap permutations were carried out to generate random functionally unrelated gene lists of the same size and their enrichment scores calculated as Er. A gene set s is considered significant (p<0.1) if Es>Er (90th quantile). This GSA approach removes any bias artificially created by the ad-hoc Z-score cut-off >1.65.

Example 1.11 Imaging of Nuclei and Axonal Projections in Drosophila

Brains and ventral nerve cords from stj-Gal4>UAS-Lamin:GFP and stj-Gal4>UAS-CD8:GFP fly lines were dissected in PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temperature (RT), washed three times for 10 min in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100, blocked for 1 hr at RT in PBT containing 5% normal goat serum, and incubated with primary anti-GFP (Invitrogen) and NC82 (Iowa hybridoma bank) counterstaining antibodies in blocking solution overnight at 4 C. Samples were washed three times for 10 min in PBT at RT, and secondary antibodies were applied in blocking solution for 2 hrs at RT. After washing three times for 10 min in PBS, samples were mounted in Vectashield (Vector Labs). Alternatively, to stain for STJ, adult brains were dissected in Grace's Insect Medium, fixed in 4% formaldehyde in PBS with 1% Triton X-100 (PBS/Tx), rinsed 2 times in 0.3% PBS/Tx and washed 2 times in 0.5% PBS/Tx for 15 min. Samples were blocked overnight at 4 C in 5% NGS with 0.1% PBS/Tx and the primary antibodies were incubated 3 days at 4 C in block solution. Samples were washed as was done after fixation and incubated with the secondary antibodies at 4 C for 2 days. Then samples were washed as before with the final wash step in PBS before being transferred to 50% PBS/glycerol and then mounted. Antibodies against STJ were raised in either rabbit (HH129) or guinea pig (125 or 127). Confocal images were captured on a Zeiss LSM510 Meta, Axiovert 200 M, and processed with LSM510 Image Examiner. For larval imaging, stj-GAL4 was crossed to UAS-mCD8:GFP. Larvae raised at 22° C. were dissected in modified HL3 solution (110 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 10 mM NaHCO₃, 5 mM HEPES, 30 mM sucrose, 5 mM Trehalose, and 10 mM MgCl₂) (pH, 7.2) and fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde. Stainings were performed using standard protocols described (Verstreken et al., 2003). Images were captured using a Zeiss 510 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Inc.) using a Plan Neofluar 40×, 1.3 N.A. objective and processed with LSM Image Browser 4.2 (Carl Zeiss, Inc.). Primary antibodies to GFP (rabbit, chicken, Abcam used 1:500) and FUTSCH were diluted 1:200. STJ antibodies were all diluted to 1:100. Secondary antibodies tagged with Alexa 405, Alexa 488, Alexa 568 (Invitrogen) or Cy3 were used at 1:200. In situ hybridizations on adult flies were performed as previously described (Couto et al., 2005).

Example 1.12 Generation of α2δ3 Knock-Out Mice

For gene targeting of α2δ3 in mice, a targeting vector was inserted into exon 15 of the murine α2δ3 gene. The linearized construct was electroporated into embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the 129/OlaHsd mouse sub-strain. Correctly targeted ES cell clones were confirmed by Southern blotting and used to generate chimeric mice. Germline transmitted F1 mice were backcrossed to C57BL/6 females. All behavioral and fMRI studies were conducted in accordance with guidelines of the European Union Council (86/609/EU) and following Austrian regulations for the use of laboratory animals.

Example 1.13 Physical Examinations

A physical examination of α2δ3 mutant and control mice to assess general characteristics such as activity, behavior towards siblings, posture, grooming, breathing patterns and movement, abnormal discharge, malformations was performed. A step-wise necropsy exam was then performed to identify potential lesions and abnormalities in all organs. Harvested organs were fixed, paraffin-embedded, sectioned, stained using hematoxylin and eosin, and then assessed for possible histopathologies.

Example 1.14 Serum Chemistry and Hematology

Blood samples were collected by terminal cardiac puncture and serum was assessed for electrolytes, inorganic ions, lipid profile, glucose and creatine kinase, and basic markers of renal and kidney functions. Serum data were assayed in a Hitachi 912 automatic analyzer. Whole blood smears were stained with Wright's Stain in order to perform a differential leukocyte count.

Example 1.15 Behavioral Experiments

For the hot plate assay, age and sex-matched wild type and α2δ3 mutant mice were acclimated to the hot plate apparatus (Ugo Basile, Comerio, Italy) and then tested for hot plate latency at 50-56° C. Jumping, biting, licking, and clutching of hind paws was considered a nociceptive response as described previously (Jourdan et al., 2001). For the tail-flick test, a light beam was focused onto the tip of the tail, and the latency to tail withdrawal was taken as a measure of the nociceptive threshold to radiant heat. The mechanical pain test was performed by applying an ascending series of noxious von Frey hairs to the dorsal surface of each hindpaw until a hindlimb withdrawal response was observed (Whishaw et al., 1999). Inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia was produced in the mouse right hind paw by intraplantar injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (20 μl of a solution containing 5 mg of CFA in 10 ml of a 1:1 emulsion of saline and mineral oil). Before and after CFA injection, nociceptive responses to heat were measured using the hot-plate test (54° C.). To evaluate the inflammatory response elicited by CFA, paw swelling was measured using a spring loaded caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan). The rotarod test was used to evaluate basic coordination and balance. Mice were placed on a smooth rod that acts as a rotating treadmill (AccuScan Instruments, Columbus, Ohio). The rotarod rotates slowly at first and then progressively increases in speed. Mice were tested three times and the fall speed was recorded. Moreover, mice were evaluated for their response to a novel environment using an open field test (MED Associates, St. Albans, Vt.). Briefly, each animal was placed in the center of its assigned chamber. Activity of individual mice was monitored by photo-beam breaks and recorded for the ten minute test session. Mice were assessed for a “depression” phenotype using the tail suspension assay (MED Associates, St. Albans, Vt.). Each mouse was suspended from a metal hanger such that the end of the hanger is ⅛^(th) of an inch or less from the base of the tail. Total times of immobility were recorded during a 6 minute period.

Example 1.16 Further Mouse Behavioral Tests

PI3Kγ knock out (T. Sasaki et al., Science 287, 1040 (Feb. 11, 2000) and kinase dead knock in (E. Patrucco et al., Cell 118, 375 (Aug. 6, 2004)) mice are described.

Baseline thermal and mechanical sensitivities were assessed using the Hargreaves and von Frey test (Ugo Basile Biological Research Apparatus Co., Comerio, Varese—Italy) following acclimation with the test apparatus. For paw withdrawal latencies, responses were determined by testing left and right paws. The hot plate test was done using a microprocessor-controlled unit (Ugo Basile). For initial phenotyping, WT and PI3Kγ KO littermates were used. For subsequent tests, PI3Kγ KO mice were back-crossed >8 times to C57B6 mice and compared to sex and age matched wild type C57B6 controls. Inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (20 μl of a solution containing 5 mg of CFA in 10 ml of a 1:1 emulsion of saline and mineral oil) and behavior was tested on a hot plate as above. Paw swelling indicative of inflammation was evaluated by use of a spring loaded caliper (Mitutoyo). Capsaicin behavior was assessed by time spent licking over 5 minutes following intraplantar injection of capsaicin (3 μg in 10 μl; dissolved in 5% ethanol, 5% Tween-80 and 90% saline; Sigma). For acetone-induced cold pain, a drop (50 μL) of acetone was placed against the centre of the plantar surface of the hindpaw and responses were recorded (I. Racz et al., J Neurosci 28, 12125 (Nov. 12, 2008). Other behavioral test were as described previously. Briefly, for skilled reaching task, each mouse was placed on a restricted diet and conditioned in the reaching box for 5 days. On the 6^(th) day mice were placed in the reaching box and reaching was scored for 5 minutes beginning with the first attempt. For circadian activity, mice were individually housed in cages with photosensors. The mice were monitored for 24 hours with a 12/12 light dark cycle and the number of cage crosses was recorded. For open field activity, mice were individually housed in clear plastic cages with infrared sensors and left for 10 minutes in conditions of low noise and dim light. Total horizontal activity was tracked and fecal pellets were counted at the end of the test. For rotorod, mice were trained for 3 days at very low speed and then tested while gradually increasing rotation speed. Mean latency on rod was recorded. For water maze, a 1.2 diameter milk pool was used with a 14×14 cm stationary platform hidden 7 mm beneath the liquid surface. Mice were placed in the pool in randomized quadrants and given 60 seconds to locate the safe platform. At the end of each trial mice that failed to locate the platform were placed on it for 10 seconds. After 14 trials over 7 days, the platform was moved to a new quadrant. Mean latency to find the platform is presented. For T-maze, mice were placed in a T shaped maze with one arm of the maze blocked off. On the second day the blocked arm was opened, and time spent in the new area was recorded. For passive avoidance, mice were placed in a clear plastic box with metal bars wired to distribute 0.12 milliamps built into the base. A black plastic platform was fixed in the center of the box. Mice were placed in the black “safe” platform, and when they step from the platform they were given a 1 second shock, and then removed from the apparatus. This process was repeated until mice no longer step from the safe platform.

Example 1.17 Bone Marrow Transplantations

Six to eight week-old recipient mice underwent a lethal total-body irradiation (1000 Rad). Freshly isolated donor bone marrow cells were then injected into syngenic recipient mice (5×10⁶ cells per mouse) 24 hours after irradiation. PCR analyses of blood cells and tail DNA indicated that ˜95% of blood circulating leukocytes were of donor origin.

Example 1.18 Western Blotting

Electrophoresis and Western blotting were performed using the Invitrogen Novex Mini-cell system as per the manufacture's instruction. Membranes were blocked with 5% milk powder in PBS. Primary antibodies were diluted in PBS/Tween/BSA. The following primary antibodies were used: mouse anti-Actin, dilution 1/1000 (Sigma); goat anti-α2δ1, dilution 1/500, (Everest Biotech Oxfordshire, UK), and rabbit anti-α2δ3, dilution 1/500. To generate the anti-α2δ3 antibody, rabbits were immunized with the peptide VSERTIKETTGNIAC conjugated to KLH. Serum was affinity purified against the immobilized peptide. Secondary antibodies were used at a dilution of 11n 5000 (Promega, Madison, Wis.).

Example 1.19 LacZ Expression

Since our α2δ3 knock-out mice carry a LacZ reporter, we used β-Gal staining as a marker to assess α2δ3 expression. Tissues from 7-12 week old heterozygote mice were analysed for LacZ expression. Organs from these mice were frozen, sectioned (10 μm) and analysed for LacZ expression using X-Gal staining followed by Nuclear Fast Red counterstaining. For whole mount brain staining, the brain was cut longitudinally, fixed, and stained using X-gal. The reaction was stopped with a PBS wash and then fixed with buffered formaldehyde. In addition to staining in the brain (FIG. 6A), moderate LacZ staining was detectable in some spermatogenic cells of the seminiferous tubules. LacZ expression was not detected in the sciatic nerve, eyes, Harderian glands, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, aorta, heart, lung, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, urinary bladder, trachea, larynx, esophagus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, salivary glands, tongue, skeletal muscle, skin and female reproductive system.

Example 1.20 DRG Neuron Cultures

Lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) with the cell bodies of primary afferents that project into the hind paw were harvested from adult C57BL/6J mice, treated enzymatically with Liberase Blendzymel (Roche) and trypsin (Invitrogen), and dissociated mechanically with a fire-polished Pasteur pipette as previously published (Obreja et al., 2002; Obreja et al., 2005). The resulting cell suspension was washed, plated on glass coverslips coated with poly-L-lysine/laminin (Sigma) and cultivated in synthetic serum-free medium (supplemented TNB™, Biochrom, Vienna) at 37° C. in 5% CO2.

Example 1.21 Patch Clamp Recordings

Using the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration of the patch-clamp technique, ionic currents and membrane potentials were recorded from isolated neurons after 16-24 hours at room temperature as previously published (Obreja et al., 2005; Obreja et al., 2002). Currents and the membrane potential recorded using an EPC10 (HEKA, Germany) and the Pulse v8.74 software (HEKA). Borosilicate glass micropipettes (Science Products, Hofheim, Germany) pulled with a horizontal puller (Sutter Instruments Company, Novato, Calif., USA). For calcium current recordings the extracellular solution was composed of (mM); 130 NMDG, 20 TEACl, 5 CsCl, 2 CaCl₂, 1 MgCl₂ (Sigma), 10 HEPES and 20 Glucose (Merck) and adjusted to pH 7.3 with HCl (Merck). The intracellular solution contained 120 CsCl, 20 TEACl, 10 EGTA, 2 MgATP (Sigma), 10 HEPES and 20 Sucrose (Merck) adjusted to pH 7.3 with CsOH (Merck). Calcium currents were evoked by test potentials from −80 to 60 mV in 10 mV steps from a holding potential of −80 mV and digitized at 50 kHz. All recorded traces were corrected for leakage and capacitive currents using a P/5 protocol. The individual recorded Calcium IV-plots were fitted with a modified Boltzmann equation with a high-voltage block.

$I = {{\left( \frac{G}{1 + {\exp \left( \frac{{- V} - {Vh}}{S} \right)}^{2}} \right)*\left( \frac{1}{1 + {\exp \left( \frac{V - {Bh}}{Bs} \right)}^{2}} \right)*\left( {V - {Vr}} \right)} + A}$

The conductance (G) is dependent on the amount and subtypes of Ca²⁺ channels that are present in the cell. The activation is determined by the half-maximal activation of the Ca²⁺ current (Vh) and the e-fold change around Vh (S) in the IV. Voltage-dependent block of the Ca²⁺ current at high voltages is described by the maximal speed of the blockage (Bs) at the half-maximal voltage of the block (Bh). The reversal of the current is determined by the recersal potential (Vr). All data were analyzed in Origin 7.0 (OriginLab).

Alternatively, for PIK3CG, the following protocol was used: Using the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration of the patch-clamp technique, ionic currents were recorded from isolated DRG neurons at −80 mV holding potential as previously published (Obreja et al., 2005; Obreja et al., 2002). The external solution (ECS) contained (in mM) 145 NaCl, 5 KCl, 2 CaCl₂, 1 MgCl₂ (all Sigma), 10 glucose and 10 HEPES (Merck), at pH 7.3 adjusted with NaOH. Borosilicate glass micropipettes (Science Products, Germany) were filled with internal solution (ICS) containing (in mM) 138 Caesium methanesulfonate, 2 MgCl₂, 2 Na₂-ATP, 0.2 Na-GTP, 0.5 CaCl₂, 5 EGTA (all Sigma) and 10 HEPES (Merck), at pH 7.3 adjusted with CsOH (Merck). After filling, electrode resistance was 3-5 MW. Currents were filtered at 2.9 kHz, sampled at 3 kHz and recorded using an EPC 9 and the Pulse v8.74 software (HEKA). Experiments were performed at room temperature and only one neuron was tested per Petri dish. An automated seven-barrel system with common outlet next to the cell under investigation (<100 μM) was used for fast drug administration and heat stimulation (Dittert et al., J Neurosci Methods 82, 195 (Aug. 1, 1998). Capsaicin was applied at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10 μM; Sigma; 1 mM stock solution solved in ethanol) for 10 seconds each. Heat-activated inward currents (I_(heat)) were elicited by applying ramp-shaped heat stimuli at 120 s intervals with linear temperature increases from 25 to 50-55° C. within 5 seconds. Current values were sampled at the rising phase of the temperature ramp, normalized to 24° C. (bath temperature) and data represented as an Arrhenius plot (Vyklicky et al., J Physiol 517 (Pt 1), 181 (May 15, 1999). The temperature co-efficient Q₁₀ was used to characterize temperature dependence of the membrane. In the linear range, the activation energy E_(a) was determined from the slope of the regression line (r>0.99) using the formula:

−E _(a)=2.303R log₁₀(I ₂ /I ₁)/((1/T ₂)−(1/T ₁))

R gas contant (8.314 JK⁻¹ mol⁻¹) I₁ current at lower absolute temperature T₁ I₂ current at higher absolute temperature T₂ The T_(threshold) was determined from the point of intersection of the two regression lines. Q10 was calculated using the equation: Q₁₀=exp(10E_(a)/(RT₁T₂)).

Example 1.22 fMRI and BOLD Imaging

Male mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and placed on a cradle inside the MR machine (Bruker BioSpec 47/40 (200 mT/m) with a free bore of 40 cm, equipped with an actively RF-decoupled coil system and a quadratur head coil) under extensive physiological monitoring (respiration, temperature, heat function). The contact heat stimuli (40° C., 45° C., 50° C., and 55° C., plateau for 5 sec after 15 sec of heat increase) were applied at the right hind paw (presented at 3 min 25 s intervals, 3 time each temperature) using a custom made computer controlled Peltier heating device with no influence from and to the MR scanner. For tactile stimulation, the C1 vibrissa of the mice was moved with an air driven device integrated into cradle shifting the vibrissa by an inverted comb with an amplitude of 5 mm at 7 Hz. For the resting state measurement a series of 300 sets of functional images (matrix 64×64, field of view 15×15 mm, slice thickness 0.5 mm, axial, 22 slices) were collected using the Echo Planar Technique (EPI, single shot: TR=2000 ms, TEef=24.38 ms) within a 10 min recording period. Next a set of 750 functional EPI images where acquired with two times k-space averaging resulting in a TR of 4000 ms and a total measuring time of 50 min. Finally, 22 corresponding anatomical T2 reference images (field of view 15×15 mm, matrix 256×128, TR=2000 ms, slice thickness 0.5 mm, TEef=56 ms, RARE) were assembled. Functional analysis was performed using Brain Voyager QX and our own software MagNan (Knabl et al., 2008). In brief, the following preprocessing was performed: Motion correction algorithm as implemented in BrainVoyager was applied (trilinear interpolation, motion detected always below 1 pixel). Slice time correction was performed with a Cubic Spline, followed by a high pass temporal filtering (9 cycles) and a 2D Gaussian smoothing of the data (FWHM kernel: 2 pixel, in-plane direction). Next a GLM analysis with separate predictors for each stimulation temperature was calculated. To detect significantly activated voxels statistical parametric maps (SPM) of these contrasts were generated for individual animals and FDR thresholded (q=0.05, two sided). Different groups of significant activated voxels (n>4) were labeled belonging to certain brain structures based on the mouse atlas from Paxinos (second edition). The corresponding peak activity was determined for each stimulation temperature based on the stimulus specific GLM predictors. The mean activity of each activated brain structure was averaged across all significant activated voxels and subjected to a statistical t-test comparing α2δ3 mutant and control mice. A second level random effect analysis variance (ANOVA) was performed for Z-score maps between the different mice genotypes. Areas of significant group activation differences (corrected P<0.05) were used as masks to only show the calculated peak activation maps in these regions (FIG. 7A).

To find brain areas which exhibit the most robust response differences between α2δ3 mutant and control mice, we performed a correlation based principal component analysis (PCA) of BOLD responses with temperature specific input vectors (activation probability, volume and peak height, time, symmetry, and width) per identified brain structure. We then calculated within the coordinate space of the first 3 principal components (88.85% of total variance) the Euclidian distance for all predefined defined pain regions between α2δ3 mutant and control mice. Because the PCA vectors span a coordinate space optimized to cover the variance of the input vectors, large Euclidian distances indicate large differences in response properties between control and α2δ3 mutant mice for a given brain structure. Largest Euclidian distances were observed for the caudate putamen (left) and the primary somato-sensory cortex (left). Enlarged distances were also found for the ventral tegmental area (VAT, left), the primary (right) and secondary (left) somatosensory cortex, the insula (right), entorhinal cortex (left), hippocampus (right) and motor cortex (left). The lowest Euclidian distances were found for the “sensory input” and thalamus, indicating highest similarity between control mice and α2δ3 mutants in heat-induced activation of these brain structures. Minimally 1 day after recovery from the functional experiments the mice obtained a single manganese injection (isotonic and neutral MnCl2 solutions: 0.4 mmol/kg, ip). 24 h after the MnCl2 injection the DTI and MEMRI measurements were performed using the same scanner and coil system as mentioned previously. First we measured the DTI using an EPI SpinEcho approach (TEeff: 31.6, TR 5000 ms, Bandwith: 150 kHz, segments: 1, NEX: 2, 126 diffusion directions and maximal B-value of 600.00 s/m2 and total measuring time of 21 min50s). Geometrical scan properties were matrix: 128×128, slices: 15 with 1.0 mm thickness, field of view: 18×18 mm. Fractional anisotropy maps were calculated using the Bruker PV 5.0LP3 software version and after segmentation and affine registration of the individual brains they were subjected to a voxel-wise Student's t-test. For imaging of the T1 contrast of manganese uptake we used a modified driven equilibrium Fourier trans-form sequence (MDEFT, scan parameters: TR=15.00 ms, TE=5.1 ms, Bandwidth: 25 kHz; FA=15°, inversion delay (ID)=1000 ms and four segments. The ID of the MDEFT preparation (responsible for the T1 contrast) was optimized for the contrast to noise ratio 24 h after MnCl2 administration. The geometric parameters of the 3D scans were: matrix: 256×256×64, field of view=22×22×19.84 mm. 10 averages resulted in a total measuring time of 5 h 41 min 20 s. Again the after segmentation and registration, voxel based Student's t-test were performed to asses potential differences in basal neuronal activity. The functional connectivity was assessed by thresholding the correlation-matrix at such a value that every node (brain structure) has at least one edge (connection). Now the total amount of connections were calculated over all structures of the somato-sensory pain matrix.

Example 1.23 SNP of a2d3 Mapping in Humans

We genotyped 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spaced evenly through a2d3 using the 5′ exonuclease method (Tegeder et al., 2006). a2d3 haplotypes were identified using the SAS/genetics software package (SAS Institute, Inc.), which implements a modified expectation-maximization algorithm to reconstruct haplotypes from population genotype data. Linkage disequilibrium between SNPs was used to describe the non-independence of alleles. The PCR reaction mixture consisted of 2.5 ml Master Mixture (Applied Biosystems), 100 nM detection probe for each allele, 900 nM forward and 900 nM reverse amplification primers, and 20 ng genomic DNA in a total reaction volume of 25 μl. Amplification and detection were performed with an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System. Allele-specific signals were distinguished by measuring endpoint 6-FAM or VIC fluorescence intensities at 508 nm and 560 nm, respectively, and genotypes were generated using Sequence Detection System Software Version 1.7 (Applied Biosystems, CA). Genotyping error rate was directly determined by re-genotyping 25% of the samples, randomly chosen, for each locus. The overall error rate was <0.005.

Example 1.24 SNP Mapping of the PIK3CG Locus

We genotyped 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spaced through the PIK3CG locus using the 5′ exonuclease method. PIK3CG haplotypes were identified using the SAS/genetics software package (SAS Institute, Inc.), which implements a modified expectation-maximization algorithm to reconstruct haplotypes from population genotype data. Linkage disequilibrium between SNPs was used to describe the non-independence of alleles. The PCR reaction mixture consisted of 2.5 ml Master Mixture (Applied Biosystems), 100 nM detection probe for each allele, 900 nM forward and 900 nM reverse amplification primers, and 20 ng genomic DNA in a total reaction volume of 25 ml. Amplification and detection were performed with an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System. Allele-specific signals were distinguished by measuring endpoint 6-FAM or VIC fluorescence intensities at 508 nm and 560 nm, respectively, and genotypes were generated using Sequence Detection System Software Version 1.7 (Applied Biosystems, CA). Genotyping error rate was directly determined by regenotyping 25% of the samples, randomly chosen, for each locus. The overall error rate was <0.005.

Example 1.25 Human Genetic Studies in Healthy Volunteers

We genotyped 189 (for a2d3) and 192 (for PIK3CG) normal volunteers who had previously been phenotyped for ratings of experimental pain (Diatchenko et al., 2005). Included subjects were all pain-free Caucasian females 18-34 years of age taken from a larger prospective cohort study designed to examine putative risk factors for the development of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD). All subjects gave informed consent following protocols approved by the UNC Committee on Investigations Using Human Subjects. Volunteers were phenotyped with respect to their sensitivity to 16 experimental pain procedures corresponding to multiple pain modalities, including pressure pain, ischemic pain, and temporal summation of heat pain (i.e., windup). Heat sensitivity measures were obtained with a 10 mm diameter computer-controlled contact thermal stimulator placed on the skin of the forearm. We used principal components analysis (PCA), as performed by the SAS statistical package (version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary N.C.), as a data reduction exercise. From our raw pain scores, we derived a thermal windup score (Factor 3).

Example 1.26 Chronic Lumbar Root Pain

We collected DNA from 169 (for a2d3) and 160 (for PIK3CG) Caucasian adults who participated in a prospective observational study of surgical diskectomy for persistent lumbar root pain (Atlas et al., 2001). The primary endpoint was persistent leg pain over the first postoperative year, using four ‘leg pain’ variables normalized to Z-scores with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. The primary pain outcome variable for each individual was the mean of these four Z-scores. Genotype-phenotype associations for each SNP were sought by regression analysis. The covariates were a number of demographic, psychological and environmental factors, including sex, age, worker's compensation status, delay in surgery after enrollment and Short-Form 36 general health scale. Stepwise regression (Zaykin et al., 2002) was applied to assess the association between pain scores and haplotypes with frequencies >1%, obtained from the Ensemble database v.38. These haplotypes accounted for 94% of chromosomes studied. If a haplotype was identified to be significantly (P<0.05) associated with pain scores, phenotype-diplotype association analysis was performed by regression analysis. The collection of DNA and genetic analyses were carried out with the approval of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research institutional review board and informed consent was obtained from all subjects.

Example 1.27 Statistical Analyses

For analysis of adult heat-dose avoidance responses between control and painless flies (FIG. 1B), a two way ANOVA was performed, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. For analysis of adult Drosophila avoidance response and RNAi knock down efficiency (FIG. 2B-C) a Student's t test (with correction for multiple comparison) was performed. For analysis of larval pain behavior (FIG. 3B and FIG. S3A) we have performed the Kruskal-wallis non-parametric test for median comparison followed by the Dunn's post-hoc test. For mouse behavior, a Student's t test was used. For fMRI, the mean activity of each activated brain structure was averaged across all significant activated voxels and subjected to a statistical t-test comparing α2δ3 mutant and control mice. At the second level group analysis a standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for Z-score maps between the different mice genotypes. Areas of significant group activation differences (P<0.05) were used as masks to only show the calculated peak activation maps in these regions. For human chronic pain phenotype, genotype-phenotype associations for each SNP were sought by regression analysis. The covariates were a number of demographic, psychological and environmental factors, including sex, age, worker's compensation status, delay in surgery after enrollment and Short-Form 36 general health scale. Linear regression was also used for the quantitative sensory testing associations in normal adult females, without covariates. For patch clamping studies, data were statistically analyzed by either Mann Whitney U Test for unpaired and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for paired comparisons. Unless otherwise indicated, data are represented as mean values±sem.

Example 2 Preliminary Results Example 2.1 Genome-Wide Screen for Thermal Nociception

To identify genes required for nociception, we developed a high throughput behavioral assay to determine the response of adult Drosophila to noxious heat as a stimulus. When exposed to a surface at a constant temperature of 25° C., flies distribute evenly in the experimental chamber, but when given a choice between a noxious (46° C.) and non-noxious (31° C.) surface, flies rapidly avoid the harmful temperature (FIG. 1A,B). painless mutant flies respond normally to sub-noxious temperatures (39° C.), but fail to avoid noxious heat (46° C.) (FIG. 1B). Thus, adult flies can rapidly avoid noxious heat, and this complex innate behavior is dependent on painless.

Using this assay, we performed a genome-wide behavioral screen using the Vienna global Drosophila RNAi library (Dietzl et al., 2007). The pan-neuronal specific elav-Gal4 driver line was crossed to flies containing UAS-IR (1R, inverted repeat) transgenes covering the expressed genome (FIG. 1C). Testing control flies (n=1706) over many different days revealed that the vast majority avoided the noxious surface, with a mean avoidance response of 92±6.4% SD, whereas painless mutants (n=1816) exhibited a markedly reduced avoidance response (51±9.97% SD). Based on these data, we set our primary cut-off at the 95 percentile of probability, corresponding to a Z-score of >1.65 (FIG. 1C). At this threshold, we consistently observed impaired thermal nociception in painless mutant flies.

To identify novel genes regulating pain, we tested 16051 elav-Gal4>UAS-IR combinations targeting 11664 different Drosophila genes (82% of the Drosophila genome version 5.7) for effects on noxious temperature avoidance (FIG. 1D; FIG. 8B). Positive hits were retested, and 622 specific transgenic UAS-IR lines corresponding to 580 genes were identified as candidate thermal nociception genes (FIG. 1E). Approximately 9% of the neuronal elavGal4 driven UAS-IR lines were lethal, yielding no or few progeny (FIG. 1E). Gene Ontology (GO) and GO gene set enrichment analysis of the total screen data (FIG. 8C-D) showed a significant enrichment of genes involved in ATP synthesis, neurotransmission and secretion. We further annotated 80 nociception hits with previously unknown functions. These genes are CG10095, CG10096, CG10098, CG10158, CG10481, CG11033, CG11456, CG11577, CG11586, CG11590, CG11592, CG11820, CG11967, CG12004, CG12334, CG12785, CG12797, CG13096, CG13162, CG13623, CG1371, CG14351, CG14442, CG14514, CG14980, CG16725, CG16854, CG1804, CG18088, CG18130, CG18213, CG18249, CG18480, CG1968, CG2052, CG2747, CG30005, CG31103, CG31267, CG31955, CG3213, CG32150, CG3224, CG32792, CG33346, CG3996, CG4110, CG4351, CG4477, CG4946, CG5516, CG5565, CG5819, CG5969, CG5986, CG6136, CG6294, CG6340, CG6553, CG6583, CG6637, CG6724, CG6852, CG6901, CG7006, CG7042, CG7175, CG7358, CG7376, CG7556, CG7728, CG7800, CG8233, CG8325, CG8436, CG8771, CG9067, CG9288, CG9636, CG9650. These genes, as well as their orthologue counterparts, in particular human orthologs, or their respective gene products are preferred targets for therapy according to the present invention. KEGG pathway analyses of the primary thermal nociception hits and their respective binding partners revealed significant enrichment for oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, ubiquitinmediated proteolysis, and various signaling pathways such as Wnt, ErbB-, hedgehog-, JAK-Stat-, Notch-, mTOR, or TGF(signaling. Thus, our nociception screen and the subsequent bioinformatic analyses have revealed multiple genes and pathways that relate to the expression of an innate nociceptive behavior, many of which had no previous functional annotations.

Example 2.2 Straightjacket is a Novel Thermal Nociception Gene in Drosophila

One of the genes that we picked up in this screen was straight-jacket (CG12295, stj), a member of the α2δ family of genes that 226-function as subunits of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels (FIG. 2A) and control the function and development of synapses. The fly stj ortholog in mammals is α2δ3, a close homolog of α2δ1 which is the molecular target of gabapentin and pregabalin, widely used analgesics for neuropathic pain in humans.

We confirmed that stj is required for noxious heat avoidance in adult Drosophila using a second independent hairpin (FIG. 2B).

The two stj hairpins resulted in about 90% and 60% reduction of stj mRNA expression, respectively (FIG. 2C). Importantly, when flies were exposed to 46° C. without given a choice to escape, stj knock-down did not alter the kinetics of temperature-induced paralysis (FIG. 2D), indicating a specific deficit in the nociception response. Of note, stj knock-down had no overt effect on brain morphology (FIG. 9A). Using a stj-Gal4 line (Ly et al., 2008) driving UAS-Lamin:GFP to mark nuclei (Stuurman et al., 1999), we found GFP expression primarily in neurons in the pars intercerebralis and surrounding the subesophageal ganglion (FIG. 2E; FIG. 9B). stjGAL4>UAS-CD8:GFP labeling of axons (Lee and Luo, 1999) revealed broad projections throughout the central brain (FIG. 2E; FIG. 9B). Using antibodies raised against the Drosophila STJ protein, we confirmed STJ expression in stjGAL4>UAS-Lamin:GFP positive cells of the pars intercerebralis (FIG. 2F). We also found GFP⁺ nuclei and projections in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and ascending/descending axons from the VNC that innervate the central brain (FIG. 9C). stj-specific in situ hybridization revealed stj transcripts in the sensory organ (sensilla) of the leg (FIG. 2G) indicating expression in the peripheral and central nervous system of the fly. Further studies are required to fine map the site of stj action in the Drosophila pain circuit.

We next assessed whether stj also controls thermal nociception in the larval heat pain paradigm (Tracey et al., 2003). In larvae, we found expression of stj-Gal4>UAS-CD8:GFP in multidendritic sensory neurons (FIG. 3A). Pan-neuronal knock-down of stj (UAS-stj-IR x elav-Gal4) abrogated the larval response to noxious heat to an extent even greater than painless (FIG. 3B). Larvae carrying a stj point mutation and the stj point mutation over a corresponding deficiency (stj/def) also exhibited impaired thermal nociception. The extent of the defective thermal pain response was greater at higher temperatures (FIG. 10A). Restoring a functional copy of stj using the P[acman] system (Venken et al., 2009) rescued the thermal nociception defects in stj2 mutant larvae, confirming the requirement for stj in this behavior (FIG. 3B; FIG. 10A). stj2 mutant larvae showed wild-type responses to non-noxious touch (Kernan et al., 1994), indicating that these larvae are capable of responding to innocuous stimuli (FIG. 10B). Collectively, these data show that stj is required for avoidance of noxious heat in Drosophila, confirming the accurateness of the genetic screen.

Example 2.3 Thermal Analgesia in α2δ3 Mutant Mice

We next tested whether the fly stj data is predictive of altered nociceptive behavior in mammals. The closest stj ortholog in mammals is α2δ3 (mouse α2δ3 is 33% identical and 60% similar to the STJ protein and the domain structures are conserved throughout evolution (Ly et al., 2008). To examine the role of α2δ3 in vivo we studied α2δ3 mutant mice generated by homologous recombination. Correct recombination and loss of protein expression were confirmed by Southern (FIG. 4A) and Western blotting (FIG. 4B). α2δ3 mutant mice are born at the expected Mendelian frequency and are fertile. Extensive characterization of these mice showed no obvious anatomical or histological abnormalities, including apparently normal brain morphology. There were also no genotype-related or biologically significant differences noted between age and gender matched mutant and wild-type control mice for any of the parameters evaluated at necropsy or by serum chemistry and haematology. Moreover, normal growth and body weights were recorded for mice at 49, 90, 180, and 300 days of age. Hence, by all anatomical and physiological parameters assessed, α2δ3 mutant mice appear normal.

Importantly, similar to Drosophila stj mutants, α2δ3 mutant mice showed a defect in acute thermal nociception in the hot plate assay, with diminished responsiveness at 50, 52, 54 and 56° C. (FIG. 4C). In addition, α2δ3 mutant mice exhibited delayed sensitization in the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model of peripheral inflammatory pain (FIG. 4D), indicating that α2δ3 contributes to the acute phase of heat hyperalgesia. CFA induced 228-inflammation, as determined by paw swelling, was comparable between α2δ3 mutant and control mice (FIG. 11A). By contrast, mechanical sensitivities (von Frey test) were unaffected in α2δ3 mutant mice (FIG. 11B). α2δ3 mutant mice were also evaluated for other behavioral tasks (Crawley, 2008): open field test to assess locomotor activity, general exploratory behavior, intrasession habituation, and general anxiety; tail suspension to assess behavioral despair; and a rotarod test to assess basic motor skills and coordination. In these assays no significant differences were observed between α2δ3 mutant and control mice (FIG. 11C-F). Thus, genetic deletion of α2δ3 in mice results in substantially impaired acute pain responses and a delay in inflammatory heat hyperalgesia.

Example 2.4 α2δ3 SNPs Associate with Human Pain Sensitivity

Since knock-down of straightjacket in Drosophila and knock-out of α2δ3 in mice results in impaired sensitivity to thermal pain, we expected that polymorphisms at the α2δ3 (CACNA2D3) locus might be associated with heat pain variance in humans. To assay for potential association of α2δ3 haplotypes relative to pain sensitivity we screened 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or close to the human CACNA2D3 gene (FIG. 5A) in a cohort of 189 healthy volunteers subjected to a battery of experimental pain sensitivity tests (Diatchenko et al., 2005). Of these, the minor allele of the SNP rs6777055 was significantly associated with reduced thermal pain sensitivity, i.e, heat wind-up pain (FIG. 5B, recessive model). Wind-up measures successive increases in perceived pain intensity to a repeated noxious heat stimulus (ten heat pulses of 1.5 seconds each at 50° C. each separated by 3 seconds)

Thermosensitive neurons have been also implicated in chronic pain in humans. To explore this we compared pain levels in 169 Caucasian adults who participated in a prospective observational study of surgical discectomy for persistent lumbar root pain, caused by an intervertebral disc herniation (Atlas et al., 2001) for an association with CACNA2D3 SNPs. The minor alleles of two CACNA2D3 SNPs (rs1851048 and rs6777055) were associated with less pain within the first year following surgery (FIG. 5C, recessive model). Importantly, the rs6777055 SNP C/C was significantly associated with less pain in both healthy volunteer and chronic pain cohorts showing a recessive mode of inheritance. In both the experimental and lumbar pain groups the minor allele frequency for rs6777055 was 0.2, that is 4% of the human population is homozygous for this genetic variant. These data show that minor variants within the human CACNA2D3 gene are associated with less induced pain in healthy volunteers and reduced chronic pain in lumbar back pain patients.

Example 2.5 α2δ3 Controls Central Transmission of Pain Signals to the Sensory Cortex and Other Higher Order Pain Centers

Nociceptive processing involves the relay of sensory information from primary nociceptor neurons to second order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord which then transfer nociceptive information to the brain stem, thalamus, and higher order brain centres. Since our α2δ3 knock-out mice carry a LacZ reporter, we used β-Gal staining as a marker to assess α2δ3 expression. In the brain, β-Gal labeled the thalamus, pyramidal cells of the ventro-posterior paraflocculus of the cerebellum, caudate, putamen, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb and olfactory tubercle, as well as diffusely throughout the cortex (FIG. 6A). The LacZ expression profiles were confirmed by Western blotting and quantitative PCR and matched in situ data from the Allen brain atlas. We did not detect LacZ expression in the spinal cord and DRG. Absence of a2d3 expression in primary sensory DRG neurons was confirmed by Western blotting (FIG. 4B).

In line with these expression data, our behavioral experiments showed that loss of α2δ3 does not affect the noxious heatinduced tail flick response (FIG. 11G), a pain behavior mediated by a spinal reflex circuit (Pitcher et al., 1995). Finally, patch clamping showed that calcium current and kinetics were comparable among DRG neurons from control and a2d3 mutant mice (FIG. 11H-K) indicating no requirement for a2d3 in calcium channel function in these cells. These data suggest that α2δ3 is not required for thermal pain processing in nociceptors and the spinal cord, but α2δ3 may regulate thermal pain processing in the brain.

To address this, we employed non-invasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

tion level dependent (BOLD) signal to generate a activation maps of brain regions affected by noxious topical heat stimuli.

In wild type mice (n=20), noxious thermal stimuli activate brain structures known as the “pain matrix” such as the thalamus (FIG. 6B), the S1 and S2 somatosensory cortex (FIG. 6C), the cingulum, amygdala, hypothalamus, or the motor cortex (FIG. 12). These areas are also involved in pain perception in human subjects. In both wild type (n=20) and α2δ3 mutant mice (n=18), thermal paininduced activation of the thalamus (FIG. 6B), the key subcortical pain relay centre (Price, 2000). Intriguingly, loss of α2δ3 expression interrupted the normal engagement of pain circuitry in the brain resulting in markedly reduced BOLD peak amplitudes and activation volumes in higher order pain centers such as the somato-sensory S1 and S2 cortices, cingulate, or motor cortex after exposure to noxious temperatures (FIG. 6C; FIG. 12). Impaired activation of higher order pain centers, i.e. sensory and motor cortices, were confirmed by calculation of Euclidian distances.

To additionally assess temporal information flow of the pain signal within different cerebral structures, we calculated a cross-correlation matrix of the response time profiles for each predefined region of the somato-sensory pain matrix (FIG. 6D).

In control mice, the sensory input relays thermal-evoked neural signals to the thalamus, where it effectively spreads to other central brain centers such as the sensory and association cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex. α2δ3 mutant mice again exhibited normal activation of the thalamusbut a reduced flow to nearly all the higher order pain centers, in particular the somato-sensory cortex (SC) (FIG. 6D).

Moreover, whereas the pain signal spreads from the left (i.e. contra-lateral to the side of stimulation) in control mice, we found a considerable reduction in correlation coefficients of the pain signal from the left to the right brain in α2δ3 mutant mice (FIG. 13A). In addition, we observed increased negative BOLD signals in the S1 somato-sensory, motor and the cingulate cortex on both hemispheres of α2δ3 mutant mice (FIG. 13B), suggesting that genetic inactivation of α2δ3 not only results in impaired transmission of the signal to higher pain structures, but also in intra-cortical inhibition. Thus, loss of α2δ3 leads to impaired transmission of noxious heat evoked signals from the thalamus to higher pain centers.

Example 2.6 Loss of α2δ3 Results in Sensory Cross-Activation

Although we found a marked impairment in the activation of known higher order pain centers, one puzzling finding from our fMRI data was that we did not find statistically significant differences between control and α2δ3 mutant mice in total activation volume and peak height when neuronal activity was surveyed in the entire brain (FIG. 14A). Since we had initially only focused on the pain matrix, we speculated that therefore loss of α2δ3 may result in hyperactivation of additional brain regions. Remarkably, noxious heat stimulation of all α2δ3 mutant mice triggered significantly enhanced activation of the visual cortex, the auditory cortex, as well as olfactory brain regions (FIG. 7A,B). Thus, in α2δ3 mutant mice, noxious heat stimulation results in a significant sensory cross-activation of brain regions involved in vision, hearing, and olfaction.

To image basal neuronal activity integrated over a 24 hour time period, we employed manganese labeling (MEMRI) (Silva et al., 2004). We observed similar activity in all imaged brain regions among a group comparison of control and α2δ3 mutant mice indicating that the observed stimulus induced sensory cross-activations are not due to altered basal neuronal activity. Moreover, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) showed no overt structural changes with respect to fractional anisotropy between the thalamus and higher order pain centers or the thalamus and the visual, auditory, and olfactory centers. Further, cross-correlation analysis of the time profiles of the structures of the pain matrix from resting-state BOLD imaging showed no defects in spontaneous spreading from the thalamus to higher order pain centers in α2δ3 mutant mice. Finally, network analysis of this resting state brain activity showed no overt changes in total functional connectivity within the pain matrix (1087 connections in wild type versus 1040 connections in α2δ3 mutant mice) and also apparently normal multisensory-thalamo-cortical network connectivity (1922 connections in wild type versus 2099 connections in α2δ3 mutant mice). Although we cannot exclude subtle developmental changes in defined neuronal populations of 232-α2δ3 mutant mice, these data suggest that the observed heat induced sensory cross-activations (and defective transmission of the thermal pain signal from the thalamus to higher order pain centers) are not due to altered basal neuronal connectivities.

To assess whether loss of a2d3 also results in sensory cross-activation in other sensory modalities, we performed BOLD imaging in response to tactile vibrissal stimulation (Hess et al., 2000). Among control and a2d3 mutant mice, we observed apparently normal activation of the brain region that encompasses the barrel field; the barrel field is the primary cortical somatosensory brain centre for processing of vibrissal stimulation. Remarkably, although we observed apparently normal activation of the barrel field, tactile stimulation again resulted in sensory cross-activation of visual, auditory, and olfactory brain centers in a2d3 knock-out mice (FIG. 7A,C). Thus, in α2δ3 mutant mice, noxious heat stimulation as well as tactile stimulation trigger sensory cross-activation of brain regions involved in vision, hearing, and olfaction.

Example 3 PI3 Kgamma Locus

Using a genome-wide neuronal-specific RNAi knock-down strategy in adult Drosophila, we performed the first global screen for an innate behavior, and identified several novel genes required for thermal nociception (see example 2). We report the construction from this data of an evolutionary-conserved, global network map, identifying molecular components and key pathways involved in thermal pain perception. This systems map predicts multiple novel candidate genes and pathways that are conserved across phyla, providing a starting point for finding novel mammalian pain genes. One prominent pathway identified was phospholipid signaling and SNP mapping showed that a polymorphism in the phospholipid kinase PI3 Kgamma locus is significantly associated with altered pain sensitivity in humans. Importantly, the role of PI3 Kgamma in pain perception was confirmed in mutant mice that exhibit pronounced hypersensitivity to noxious heat and capsaicin. Using knock-in mice, pain hypersensitivity was mapped to the PI3 Kgamma lipid kinase activity. Mechanistically, PI3 Kgamma acts as a negative regulator of TRPV1 ion channel activity in DRG neurons. Our data provide the first systems map for a complex innate behavior in any species that allowed us to identify a previously unknown pain gene, PI3 Kg, in mice and humans.

Using a genome-wide strategy of neuron specific RNAi knock-down in adult Drosophila, we report the first global screen for an innate behavior, avoidance of noxious heat, and identification of hundreds of novel genes required for its manifestation (see example 2). To interrogate this unprecedented resource beyond direct fly mammalian gene homologue comparisons we examined the Drosophila nociception genes using data-mining and bioinformatics to define a conserved global systems network of pain. Potential mouse and human orthologs of our candidate pain genes were first identified using compara49, inparanoid, inparanoid6.1, inparanoid6.1 to ensembl, homologen08, and orthomclv2 databases (FIG. 19). Of the 580 candidate fly thermal nociception genes, 399 had human orthologs (table 1, cols. 2-4). Among known mammalian pain genes, our screen identified two fly orthologs of amiloride-sensitive cation channel 3 (Accn3), an acid-sensing channel that sets tonic pain thresholds, GDNF family receptor alpha2, responsible for maintaining the size and terminal innervation of cutaneous nociceptors, Protein Kinase G, implicated in promoting thermal sensitization in response to inflammation, the fly orthologs of the adenosine receptor Adora, important for both acute and chronic pain in mice, a potential homolog of the mammalian galanin receptor that contributes to neuropathic pain behavior in mice, a fly GPCR similar to mouse cannabinoid and lysophosphatidic acid receptors, and a fly homolog of the cholecystokinin receptor that influences thermal pain thresholds.

Thus, our genome-wide functional screen for thermal nociception in flies identifies multiple known mammalian pain genes, showing that the inventive screen provided correct results of known and new pain associated genes.

Gene ontology (GO) analyses of human and mouse orthologs of the thermal nociception hits showed a marked enrichment of genes involved in neurotransmission and secretion, housekeeping systems such as mitochondrial structure, ATP synthesis, metabolism, or calcium signaling (FIG. 15A,B). We next generated an interaction map based on first degree binding partners for these mammalian orthologs, because we assume that our candidate thermal nociception genes perform many of their functions in protein complexes. All binding partners were identified in yeast-2-hybrid screens reported in the biomolecular interaction network database BIND, i.e. binding partners experimentally confirmed to interact with the candidate genes. Importantly, among the first degree binding partners in this interaction network, we found fly allatostatin C receptor 1, which has some homology with mammalian opioid receptors, Lmx1b which regulates central serotonergic responses to opioids, the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2, which has anti-nociceptive effects by inducing upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, and tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme required for dopamine and catecholamines production. Thus, we present strong evidence that our screen identifies many known regulators of thermal pain and multiple uncharacterized genes and pathway previously never associated with pain perception.

To construct a systems map of thermal nociception we performed an enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways and Broad Institute C2 pathway gene sets, on the mouse and human “pain” orthologs and their first degree binding partners (in part shown in FIG. 19).

From both the mouse and human KEGG and C2 analyses, we found significant enrichment of genes involved in mitochondria, metabolism, calcium signaling, inflammation, cell adhesion, RNA processing, and neurotransmission. Finally, to generate a comprehensive global network map of thermal nociception, the KEGG pathways from Drosophila, mouse and human were combined with relevant gene sets from the C2 annotations to create a global “nociception network” (FIG. 16).

Importantly, the connectivity of the entire systems map remains intact even after omitting all binding partners (FIG. 20), i.e., expansion of the pain network map by including binding partners does not introduce a bias. Moreover, all except one pathway in the network map has >50% representation from the Drosophila pain hits alone. To test whether our bioinformatic approach is indeed valid for predicting pain genes, we measured the overlap of the direct candidate pain hits and their binding partners with previous microarray data from pain studies and all “pain” annotated genes from OMIM (NCBI). Intriguingly, we found a 35% overlap of our direct pain hits and a 37% overlap of the binding 235-partners with the microarray and OMIM data. In contrast, 100 random gene lists gave a maximum of 6% overlapping genes and a minimum of 0%. Thus, our hypothesis-free systems map is indeed enriched for known pain genes, and we suggest, contains many others not yet discovered.

In example 2 we demonstrated a role in mammalian heat pain perception of a direct Drosophila thermal nociception hit, a2d3. Importantly, our bioinformatic analyses allowed us to expand our systems map to also include mammalian gene sets and genes that have no direct fly orthologs. We therefore wanted to validate whether this in silico approach has indeed also the power to identify novel mammalian pain genes. We first investigated whether polymorphisms in the gene sets predicted by our conserved network are associated with significant differences in pain sensitivity in humans. One of the genes identified by this approach was the catalytic p110 subunit of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3Kγ, PIK3CG). Class I phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases (PI3K) are lipid kinases that convert phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). Mammals have four class I PI3K, three of which (α, β, and δ) are primarily activated by tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, while PI3Kγ is the principal PI3K that relays signals via GPCRs. Of note, PI3Kα, β, and d all showed no significant association with pain sensitivities in humans. PI3K and GPCR signaling were prominent nodes in our conserved systems map (FIG. 16; FIG. 20). Although PI3 Kgamma intersects with GPCRs implicated in nociception and PI3 Kgamma has been the focus of literally thousands of studies, and is a major target for drug development, no distinct function has ever been ascribed to PI3 Kgamma in the nervous system, and certainly none in pain.

To validate whether the PI3 Kgamma nucleotide polymorphism found in our GWAS is indeed associated with pain in humans, we screened 5 SNPs within or close to the human PIK3CG gene (FIG. 21A) in 192 healthy human volunteers who had undergone tests for acute experimental pain sensitivity. Of those, the SNP rs757902, located 5565 base pairs upstream from the human PIK3CG transcription start site, was significantly associated with a greater propensity to windup represented by the PCA-derived Factor 3 (FIG. 17B, dominant model). Wind-up measures successive increases in perceived pain intensity to a repeated noxious heat stimulus (ten heat pulses of 1.5 seconds each at 50° C. each separated by 3 seconds).

To confirm this PIK3CG association in an independent cohort, we compared pain levels in 160 Caucasian adults who participated in a prospective observational study of surgical discectomy for persistent lumbar root pain, caused by an intervertebral disc herniation. Again, a polymorphism in the SNP rs757902 was associated with significantly increased pain during the first year following surgery (FIG. 17C, dominant model). The frequencies for the G allele in rs757902 were 3.1% and 3.4% in the healthy volunteer and lumbar pain groups, respectively, indicating that approximately 54-58% of the population carry at least one G allele at rs757902. We have therefore identified one common genetic variant of the human PIK3CG gene, rs757902, which is associated with an increase in heat pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers and heightened chronic post-surgical pain in lumbar back pain patients, a finding that indicates the strong predictive link between our bioinformatic analysis and human pain sensations.

To confirm that PI3Kγ indeed controls mammalian pain sensitivity, we analysed PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice. These mutant mice exhibited normal posture and appearance and no significant differences were observed in hearing, sight, and vocalization. PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice also behaved similar to littermate controls in a skilled reaching task (FIG. 21A), built comparable nests, and displayed normal circadian behavior (FIG. 21B), open field activity (FIGS. 21C and D), and motor coordination (FIG. 21E). PI3Kγ littermate control and mutant mice also displayed a comparable ability to learn in the water maze, the T maze, and in a passive foot shock avoidance assay (FIG. 21F-H). Furthermore, the overall morphology and histology of the central nervous system appeared normal in PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice.

When we tested for pain responses, PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice exhibited an exaggerated behavioral response to radiant heat plantar stimulation, using the Hargreaves test (FIG. 17D). We also observed an increased acute thermal response using the hot plate assay (FIG. 3E). In mammals, TRPV1 is the prototypical thermo-receptor, and is also the receptor for capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers. We therefore tested whether PI3Kγ mutant mice also exhibit heightened reactivity to capsaicin. Importantly, we indeed observed a massive hypersensitivity in the response of the PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice (FIG. 17F). In contrast, the mechanical pain threshold using the von Frey test (FIGS. 21I and J), and the behavioral responses to acetone application (a cooling sensation) (FIG. 21K) were comparable between control and PI3Kγ^(−/−) littermates.

PI3Kγ is a key mediator of inflammatory cell migration to the site of injury. We therefore tested PI3Kγ mutant mice for potential defects in inflammation-induced pain sensitization, i.e. thermal hyperalgesia. PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice developed comparable levels of thermal hyperalgesia (FIGS. 22A and B) following plantar CFA injection, indicating that inflammation-induced pain sensitization does not depend on PI3Kγ. CFA-induced inflammation, as determined by paw swelling, was comparable between mutant and control mice (FIG. 22C). To further exclude a potential role of haematopoietic cells, we performed bone marrow chimeras; the requirement for PI3Kγ in thermal sensing was indeed mapped to non-haematopoeitic cells (FIG. 17G). PI3Kγ has been shown to act both in a kinase-dependent fashion, through conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, and in a kinase-independent manner. We therefore tested the behavioral response of PI3Kγ kinase-dead (KD) knock-in mice to radiant plantar stimulation. PI3Kγ KD mice exhibited a decrease in thermal nociception latency (FIG. 17H), comparable to the enhanced responses observed in complete PI3Kγ mutant mice. These data show that PI3Kγ functions through its lipid kinase activity, to modulate the behavioral response to noxious heat stimuli in vivo.

To test if the enhanced basal thermal sensitivity observed in PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice is intrinsic to noxious heat TRPV1 expressing nociceptors, we employed electrophysiology on isolated wild type and PI3Kγ^(−/−) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in vitro. Both control and PI3Kγ^(−/−) DRG neurons responded to a thermal ramp (FIG. 18A), with PI3Kγ^(−/−) mice exhibiting an increased steepness in the inward current response to increasing temperature. This translated into a massively increased Q10 value (FIG. 18B), a measure of temperature-dependent rate change in channel conductivity, indicating that PI3Kγ^(−/−) DRG cells exhibit massive hyper-activation in response to noxious heat. In accordance with our behavioral data, isolated PI3Kγ^(−/−) DRG neurons also exhibited increased sensitivity to capsaicin (FIG. 18C,D). These results provide the first genetic evidence that PI3Kγ plays a functional in role in the nervous system; moreover, we show that PI3Kγ functions as a negative regulator of TRPV1 channels, and, in consequence in the absence of PI3Kγ, DRG neurons exhibit a markedly exaggerated response to noxious heat and capsaicin.

Our data provide the first systems map for a complex innate behavior in any species. This network map revealed many genes and gene sets previously reported to be involved in mammalian nociception. Importantly, the network also allowed us to predict a novel regulator of pain perception, PI3 Kgamma. Although multiple GPCRs operate in the nervous system and PI3 Kgamma is the main lipid kinase coupled to GPCRs, no behavioral defects had been reported before in PI3 Kgamma mutant mice. Most importantly, these results directly translate to humans, since we found a PI3 Kgamma polymorphism that significantly associates with altered pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers and pain levels in chronic back pain patients. Of note, humans carrying a minor allele variant at the PI3K3CG locus, as well as our PI3 Kgamma mutant mice exhibit increased pain indicating that our systems approach using whole genome fly screening and construction of a conserved network map can identify positive as well negative regulators of pain perception. These data reinforce the extraordinary conservation of the neurobiological mechanisms of nociception, from its manifestation as avoidance of damage in flies to the complex sensation of pain in humans, a conservation that provides an opportunity from a fly screen to find novel human pain genes.

Our whole-genome, neuron-specific RNAi screen provides a global functional analysis of a complex, innate behavior. We have uncovered hundreds of novel target genes for nociception, a large 239-proportion of which had completely unknown functions until now.

One of the screen hits was the calcium channel subunit straightjacket/α2δ3 and phospholipid kinase PI3 Kgamma. In both larva and adult Drosophila, we show that straightjacket or PI3 Kgamma are indeed involved in nociception, validating the screening results that yielded more than 100 genetic targets. Importantly, similar to the fly, genetic deletion of α2δ3 in mice also results in impaired acute heat pain responses. These results translate to humans, since we found α2δ3 polymorphisms that significantly associate with reduced pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers and lower levels of chronic pain in lumbar back pain patients. These data reinforce the extraordinary conservation of the neurobiological mechanisms of nociception, from its manifestation as avoidance of damage in primitive creatures like flies, to the complex sensation of pain in humans. Ligands and antagonists of the novel genetic targets were identified, that can be used in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment and amelioration of pain and its symptoms.

Example 4 Testing of Anti-Pain Compounds

The basic principle of animal models of human pain involve the induction of a pain-like state in the organism resulting in characteristic behavioural and physical responses, such as hypersensitivity to touch (mechanical allodynia) and temperature (cold allodynia). The assessment of the efficacy of potential analgesics is determined based on said compound's ability to attenuate/ameliorate these symptoms.

Example 4.1 Assessing Chronic Pain Animal Models Chronic Constriction Injury

The Bennett and Xie chronic constriction injury (CCI) model is a model of mononeuropathic pain (Bennett and Xie, 1988). Rodents are subjected to a surgical procedure where gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at the mid-thigh level.

Symptoms of neuropathy develop in the operated paw over the following days including tactile allodynia and cold allodynia which are measured using Von Frey's hairs and paw withdrawal from a cold plate, respectively. Operated animals also exhibit other symptoms of spontaneous pain including thermal hyperalgesia, ectopic and spontaneous firing of sensory afferents, autotomy, licking and guarding of paw and sleep architecture abnormalities (Blackburn-Munro and Erichsen, 2005). Furthermore, electrophysiological studies have demonstrated the presence of both sensory nerve hyperexcitability and central sensitisation (wind up) in the dorsal horn and elsewhere (Blackburn-Munro and Erichsen, 2005). The Bennett and Xie model is thought to have predictive validity as an 88% concordance has been observed between activity in the model (any endpoint) and clinical efficacy in neuropathic pain (Kontinen and Meert 2003). Multiple drug classes including NSAIDs are ineffective in the clinical treatment of neuropathic pain and fail to ameliorate symptoms in the Bennett model despite the presence of an inflammation in the initial phase after surgery (eg Schafers et al., 2004; Takahashi et al., 2004, LaBuda and Little, 2005). Pregabalin, a drug approved for the treatment of various types of (chronic) pain, including neurophathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropahty in humans, is effective at ameliorating symptoms of pain in the CCl model.

Example 4.1.1 Test Apparatus

Mechanical allodynia was assessed by Von Frey's hairs. These consist of a series of wires of progressive thickness each of which bend when a critical pressure (1.4, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 g) is applied. Animals were placed in floorless Perspex testing boxes resting on a wire mesh tray. Von Frey's hairs were then applied through the mesh floor to the sole of the left and right hind paws until either the animal sensed discomfort and moved the paw or the pressure applied to the Von Frey's hair exceeded the critical level and it was observed to bend. Von Frey's hairs were applied in ascending order until either a pain response (the paw was moved) was registered or the cut-off of 15 g was reached, using the Von Frey hair with the highest rating.

Hairs were applied to each heel 8-10 times at a frequency of approximately 1 Hz. If a limb was moved in response to a probe, further testing was halted and the sensitivity to a mechanical stimulus was deemed to have been reached.

Sensitivity to cold (cold allodynia) was assessed by placing animal subjects on a cold plate held at 10° C. The latency (time) to lift the respective hind paw clear off the cold plate was -measured. A cut-off of 180 s was applied.

Example 4.1.2 Compound Testing

This example demonstrates the effectiveness of compound(s) according to the invention in ameliorating mechanical and cold allodynia in rats with peripheral mononeuropathy induced by loose ligation of the sciatic nerve as described in Bennett and Xie, 1988.

The test apparatus according to Example 4.1.1 was used for assessing mechanical and thermal sensitivities.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were habituated to the mechanical test apparatus (Von Frey's hairs, described in Example 4.1.1) during 5-10 min periods spread over two days and once to the cold plate set at 10° C. for 3 minutes. Following habituation animals underwent a surgical procedure requiring anaesthetization under isoflurane, shaving of the left (ipsilateral) hind limb and swabbing with antiseptic followed by administration of sodium pentobarbitone. An incision was made to reveal the left sciatic nerve which was tied off with four loose ligatures of chromic cat gut. The exposed muscle was sutured with non-absorbable silk and the wound closed with surgical clips.

The animals were monitored in the hours post surgery and on a daily basis thereafter. Animals showing signs of ill health or autotomy were removed from the study. Approximately 12 and 18 days after surgery the animals were reassessed for sensitivity to Von Frey's hairs and to the cold plate.

Animal subjects meeting pre-defined criteria for hypersensitivity to mechanical (ipsilateral hind-paw moved at a pressure of <4 g) and thermal stimuli (<78s withdrawal latency) in the operated (ipsilateral) hind-paw were allocated according to baseline mechanical and cold sensitivity scores to produce balanced treatment groups of 8 to 10 animals in each group.

Example 4.1.3 Single Dose/Acute Dosing

Each group of animals according to Example 4.1.2 was administered a single dose of either a positive control drug (pregabalin formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentration of 12 mg/mL and administered po in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give a dose of 60 mg/kg) or a compound according to the invention. Animal subjects were reassessed for mechanical and cold allodynia 30 min, 90 min, 180 min and 24 hours after administration of the respective compound, using Von Frey's hairs and a cold plate set at 10° C. The cold plate assessment was performed 5 mins after each Von Frey test.

Example 4.1.3.1 Test with Dasatinib and Tenofovir

The procedure as described in Example 4.1.2.1. was performed with the compounds according to the invention being dasatinib and tenofovir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positive control drug, pregabalin, at 60 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 10 mg/kg dasatinib, 30 mg/kg dasatinib, 50 mg/kg tenofovir or 500 mg/kg tenofovir, respectively (FIG. 23C). Dasatinib was formulated in a vehicle (50% PEG:50% water) to concentrations of 2 and 6 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg.

Tenofovir was formulated in a vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose) to concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 50 and 500 mg/kg.

Example 4.1.3.2 Description of Cilomilast, Zardaverine and Roflumilast

The procedure as described in Example 4.1.2.1. was performed with the compounds according to the invention being cilomilast, zardaverine and roflumilast. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, pregabalin, at 60 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 3 mg/kg cilomilast, 30 mg/kg cilomilast, 20 mg/kg zardaverine or 1.8 mg/kg roflumilast, respectively (FIG. 23A). Cilomilast was formulated in water to concentrations of 0.6 and 6 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 3 and 30 mg/kg. Zardaverine was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentration of 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give a dose of 20 mg/kg. Roflumilast was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentration of 0.36 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give a dose of 1.8 mg/kg.

Example 4.1.3.3 Test with Bosutinib and Adefovir

The procedure as described in Example 4.1.2.1. was performed with the compounds according to the invention being bosutinib and adefovir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, pregabalin, at 60 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 60 mg/kg bosutinib, 200 mg/kg bosutinib, 2 mg/kg adefovir or 20 mg/kg adefovir, respectively (FIG. 23B). Bosutinib was formulated in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 12 and 40 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 60 and 200 mg/kg. Adefovir was formulated in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 0.4 and 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 2 and 20 mg/kg.

Example 4.1.4 Chronic Studies

Each group of animals according to Example 4.1.2 was administered either a positive control drug (pregabalin formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentration of 12 mg/mL and administered po in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give an effective dose (e.g. 60 mg/kg)) or a compound according to the invention. Dosing was carried out one or several times daily for two days to eight weeks. Animal subjects were reassessed for mechanical and cold allodynia either daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly or at the end of the study at one or several time points: 30 min, 90 min, 180 min, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 1 week after administration of the respective compound, using Von Frey's hairs and a cold plate set at 10° C.

Example 4.2 Assessing Inflammatory Pain Animal Models Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA)

Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) consists of heat-killed mycobacterium suspended in mineral oil. When injected systemically into rodents, an immune response is triggered resulting in chronic inflammation of many organs such as skin, liver, spleen, eyes, bone marrow and particularly peripheral joints. The inflammatory response results in bone resorption and periosteal bone proliferation. Importantly this inflammatory state results in spontaneous pain and ectopic nerve cell firing. Thus, the resultant adjuvant disease exhibits polyarthritic symptoms. When CFA is injected unilaterally into the limbs it elicits a monoarthritic-like condition and is thus used to model chronic inflammatory conditions. Unilateral injection allows the analysis of ipsilateral and contralateral effects of localised joint pain (Millan et al., 1988). Injection of CFA results in oedema of the affected joint, mechanical allodynia and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia (Butler et al., 1992; Hsieh et al., 2010; Meotti et al., 2006; Staton et al., 2007). As these features resemble the clinical pathology of rheumatoid arthritis, CFA-induced chronic inflammation has been widely used as a model of this condition.

A wide variety of treatments acting via different mechanisms that have generated positive data in rat adjuvant-induced arthritic models have proven effective in subsequent clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis (Hegen et al., 2008). Indeed, an analysis by Whiteside (Whiteside et al., 2008), concluded that activity in the rat CFA test could be used to predict the exposure needed for clinical efficacy. Both morphine-like opioids, steroids and NSAID analgesics can attenuate inflammation-associated allodynia/hyperalgesia and normalise nociceptive sensitivity (Jett et al., 1999, da Silva Filho et al., 2004).

Example 4.2.1 Test System

This example demonstrates the effectiveness of a compound according to the invention in ameliorating mechanical and cold allodynia in rats with inflammatory pain induced by injection of an adjuvant (CFA) into the limbs.

The test apparatus according to Example 4.1.1 was used for assessing mechanical and thermal sensitivities.

53 male Sprague-Dawley rats were habituated to the test apparatus and tested for basal sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in both the right (ipsilateral) and left (contralateral) paws using Von Freys hair and a radiant heat source, respectively, on the day prior to Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) administration (Day 0). The following morning (Day 1), animals were subjected to a subplantar injection of 50% complete CFA in a 100 uL injection volume into the ipsilateral hind-paw. Two days later (Day 3), baseline mechanical and thermal sensitivities were reassessed in the CFA-injected (ipsilateral) and non-injected (contralateral) hind-paws. 42 rats meeting pre-defined criteria for hypersensitivity to mechanical (ipsilateral hindpaw moved at a pressure of <4 g) and thermal stimuli (>30% difference in latency time between ipsi- and contra-lateral hindpaws) were assigned to treatment groups of 8 to 10 animals in each group. One hour later, at T=0, drug administration commenced.

Example 4.2.2 Acute/Single Dosing

One group of animals according to Example 4.2.1 was administered a single dose of the drug indomethacin (positive control), an NSAID with demonstrated efficacy in the CFA model and in human inflammatory/arthritic diseases. Indomethacin was formulated in 50% 0.1M Na₂CO₃; 47.5% phosphate buffered saline (PBS): taken to pH 7 with 2.5% 1M HCl at a concentration of 2 mg/mL to give a dose of 10 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally in a 5 mL/kg injection volume. The remaining groups of animals were administered a single dose of compound(s) according to the invention. 30, 90, 180 min and 24 h post-dose, all groups of rats were re-assessed for mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in both the treated and untreated hind-paws, using Von Frey's hairs and a cold plate set at 10° C. in accordance with Example 0. All readings were compared to the basal sensitivity reading (T=0) of the (ipsilateral) paw in each animal.

Example 4.2.1.1 Test with Dasatinib and Tenofovir

The procedure as described in Example 2A was performed with the compounds according to the invention being dasatinib and tenofovir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, indomethacin, intraperitonally at a dose of 10 mg/kg Four groups of 8 animals each received either 10 mg/kg dasatinib, 30 mg/kg dasatinib, 50 mg/kg tenofovir or 500 mg/kg tenofovir, respectively (FIG. 24A). Dasatinib was formulated in a vehicle (50% PEG:50% water) to concentrations of 2 and 6 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg. Tenofovir was formulated in a vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose) to concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 50 and 500 mg/kg.

Example 4.2.1.2 Test with Cilomilast, Zardaverine and Roflumilast

The procedure as described in Example 2A was performed with the comopounds according to the invention being cilomilast, zardaverine and roflumilast. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positivie control drug, indomethacin, at 10 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 3 mg/kg cilomilast, 30 mg/kg cilomilast, 20 mg/kg zardaverine or 1.8 mg/kg roflumilast, respectively (FIG. 24B). Cilomilast was formulated in water to concentrations of 0.6 and 6 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 3 and 30 mg/kg. Zardaverine was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentration of 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 20 mg/kg. Roflumilast was formulated in a vehicle of 0.5% methyl cellulose to a concentrations of 0.36 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 1.8 mg/kg.

Example 4.2.1.3 Test with Bosutinib and Adefovir

The procedure as described in Example 1 was performed with the compounds according to the invention being bosutinib and adefovir. In total, five groups of animals were included: one group of 10 animals received the positive control drug, indomethacin, at 10 mg/kg and four groups of 8 animals each received either 60 mg/kg bosutinib, 200 mg/kg bosutinib, 2 mg/kg adefovir or 20 mg/kg adefovir, respectively (FIG. 24C). Bosutinib was formulated in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 12 and 40 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 60 and 200 mg/kg. Adefovir was formulated in 0.5% methyl cellulose to concentrations of 0.4 and 4 mg/mL and administered orally in a 5 mL/kg dosing volume to give doses of 2 and 20 mg/kg.

Example 4.2.3 Chronic Studies

Each group of animals according to Example 2 was administered either a positive control drug (indomethacin, which was formulated in 50% 0.1 M Na₂CO₃; 47.5% phosphate buffered saline (PBS): taken to pH 7 with 2.5% 1M HCl at a concentration of 2 mg/mL to give an effective dose (e.g. 10 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally in a 5 mL/kg injection volume)), or a compound according to the invention. Dosing was carried out one or several times daily for two days to eight weeks. Animal subjects were reassessed for mechanical and cold allodynia either daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly or at the end of the study at one or several time points: 30 min, 90 min, 180 min, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 1 week after administration of the respective compound, using Von Frey's hairs and a cold plate set at 10° C. according to Example 0.

Example 5 Measurement of PDE4D Activity and Determination of IC50 Values of Test Compounds

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) is a measure of the effectiveness of a compound in inhibiting biological or biochemical function. Concentration-response plots are used to determine the effects of an inhibitor on an enzymatic reaction.

The cloning of catalytic domains of human PDE4D as well as the expression and purification of the PDE catalytic domains were based on the protocols described in Card et al., 2004.

Measurement of phosphodiesterase activity takes advantage of the selective binding of 5-AMP or 5-GMP (and not cAMP or cGMP) to yttrium silicate beads with embedded scintillant. 0.1-1 nM PDE was incubated with 50 nM 3H-cAMP or 70 nM 3H-cGMP (Amersham, 5-60 Ci/mmol) in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 8.3 mM MgCl2, 1.7 mM EGTA, and 0.01% BSA at 30 C for 30 min in 384-well assay plates. The assay was terminated by adding one-third volume of 5 mg/ml yttrium silicate beads in 18 mM ZnAcetate/ZnSO4 solution (3:1). A minimum of 30 min after mixing and centrifuging the reaction, hydrolysis was quantified by reading in a scintillation counter (Trilux, Conclusions Wallac). The cAMP and cGMP concentrations used, where possible, were far below the Km of the enzyme to ensure that the IC₅₀ values obtained are good approximations of Ki (Mehats et al., 2002).

Example 6 Clinical Study

Patients with a long term or chronic pain condition are eligible for the study.

After initial screening, a total of 20 to 200 patients are randomized to one of two treatment groups. Patients in one treatment group receive a compound according to the invention at a pharmaceutically active dose and patients in the other (control) 248-treatment group receive either placebo or an active control drug at a pharmaceutically active dose. A preferred active control drug is pregabalin. Preferably, the study is carried out in a double-blinded fashion.

Treatment duration is between 1 and 15 weeks, and efficacy evaluation is carried out as the average of the pain scores recorded for the past 1 to 7 days (preferably 7 days) relative to the day chosen for efficacy evaluation, comparing the group receiving the compound according to the invention with the control group. The pain scores are preferably assessed based on patients' daily pain diaries, in which they record their daily pain score on an 11-point (0=“no pain” to 10=“worst possible pain”) numeric rating scale (NRS) [Arezzo et al., 2008].

The primary endpoint of the study is preferably a comparison of the average pain score for the last 7 available pain diary entries at the end of the treatment phase.

Example 7 Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (PDPN)

A clinical study according to Example 6 is carried out with the following key inclusion criteria: patients are men or women 18 years of age with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with HbA1C≦11% and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy of at least 3 months' duration. Patients score at least 40 mm on the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) [Arezzo et al., 2008], or any other standard VAS. At randomization, patients have completed at least four daily pain diary entries (using an 11-point NRS) and should have an average daily pain score ≧4 over the past 7 days.

Example 8 Post-Herpetic Neuralgia

A clinical study according to Example 6 is carried out with the following key inclusion criteria: patients are men or women 18 years of age with persistent pain for at least 6 months after the onset of herpes zoster rash. Patients score at least 40 mm on the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) [Arezzo et al., 2008], or any other VAS.

Example 9 Mixed Neuropathy

A clinical study according to Example 6 is carried out with patients selected according to inclusion criteria in Example 7 as well as Example 8.

Example 10 Measurement of Binding Affinity to Determine Kd Values

The binding and selectivity of a compound for a receptor can be assayed, for instance, by carrying out biochemical binding assays such as KinomeScan kinase binding assays as described in Karaman et al., 2008. For an assay to determine the binding of a compound to the target FRK, the kinase construct NP_(—)002022.1 may be used. The assay can be performed with either the full length protein or with a kinase construct that spans the catalytic domain.

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1.-119. (canceled)
 120. A method of treating a subject that has or is subject to pain comprising: obtaining Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir; and administering the Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir to the subject.
 121. The method of claim 120, further defined as comprising administering Adefovir dipivoxil (Bis-POM PMEA) to the subject.
 122. The method of claim 120, wherein the subject is further defined as suffering from pain and the pain is treated and/or reduced.
 123. The method of claim 120, wherein pain is prevented in the subject.
 124. The method of claim 120, wherein the subject is a mammal.
 125. The method of claim 124, wherein the subject is a human.
 126. The method of claim 120, wherein the Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir is administered in a medicament.
 127. The method of claim 120, wherein the Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir is administered with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or buffer.
 128. The method of claim 120, wherein the Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir is administered in a therapeutically effective dosage.
 129. The method of claim 128, wherein the Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir is administered in a dosage of between 0.01 mg/kg and 1 g/kg.
 130. The method of claim 120, wherein the subject has or is subject to pain from or associated with chronic pain, acute pain, hyperalgesia pain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psychogenic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain, nociception, hyperalgesia, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myofascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound associated pain, inflammatory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer, somatic visceral pain, fibromyalgia, postoperative pain, phantom pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, sciatic pain, radiculopathy, radicular pain, and/or lumbar pain.
 131. The method of claim 130, wherein the pain comprises chronic pain.
 132. The method of claim 130, wherein the pain comprises neuropathic pain.
 133. The method of claim 130, wherein the pain comprises inflammatory pain.
 134. The method of claim 130, wherein the pain comprises non-inflammatory pain.
 135. A method of making an analgesic or a medicament for the treatment of pain of claim 120 comprising: obtaining Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir: and placing the Remofovir (Pradefovir) or Adefovir in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or buffer to obtain an analgesic or a medicament for the treatment of pain.
 136. The method of claim 126, wherein the analgesic or medicament for the treatment of pain is adapted to be administered topically, enterally, or parenterally.
 137. The method of claim 136, wherein the analgesic or medicament for the treatment of pain is adapted to be administered orally, rectally, intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, intraperitoneally, transdermally, transmucosally, or by inhalation.
 138. A method of treating a subject that has or is subject to pain comprising: obtaining a compound further defined as FMO3 Inhibitor, FRK Inhibitor, LPAR3 modulator/LPAR3 inhibitor, PDE4D inhibitor, CAMK1D inhibitor, a compound comprising a quinolone or isoquinoline group, or a compound comprising a chlor-substituted aniline group; and administering the compound to the subject topically, enterally, parenterally, orally, rectally, intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, intraperitoneally, transdermally, transmucosally, or by inhalation; wherein the pain is further defined as chronic pain, acute pain, hyperalgesia pain, somatogenic pain, neuropathic pain, psychogenic pain, heat induced pain, physical pain, nociception, hyperalgesia, rheumatic pain, headache, low back pain, pelvic pain, myofascial pain, vascular pain, migraine, wound associated pain, inflammatory pain, arthritic pain, diabetic pain, pain from cancer, somatic visceral pain, fibromyalgia, postoperative pain, phantom pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, sciatic pain, radiculopathy, radicular pain, and/or lumbar pain.
 139. The method of claim 138, wherein the compound is further defined as Dasatinib, AMG-706 (motesanib), BIRB 796 (Doramapimod), EKB-569 (Pelitinib), sorafenib, Vandetanib, CI-1033 (Canertinib), imatinib (STI-571), N6-Benzyladenosine-5′-phosphate, p-Aminobenzoyl PAB-J acid, NSC161613, NSC47091, cilomilast, Nicotinamide, Roflumilast, Filaminast, Piclamilast, V11294, CC-10004 (Apremilast), LAS31025 (Arofylline), CP80633 (Atizoram), Catramilast/Atopik (Catramilast), BRL-61063 (Cimpyfylline), Daxalipram/mesopram (Daxalipram), Doxofylline, Drotaverine, Efloxate, Etamiphylline, Etazolate, Etofylline, Glaucine Hydrobromide (Broncholytine), GRC3886 (oglemilast), oxtriphyllin (Choline theophyllinate), Pumafentrine, Revamilast, ronomilast (ELB-353), Tofimilast, Tolafentrine, Seoanin (Trapidil), GW 842470 (AWD 12-281), CDP-840, YM-976, CI-1018, D-4418, Lirimilast, SCH-351591, RPL-554, IPL-455903 (HT-0712), GSK256066, Zardaverine, Vardenafil, OPC-6535 (Tetomilast), IC485, L-826,141, ONO-6126, CI-1044, MK-0873, T-2585, R1533 (MEM-1414), UK-500,001, AN2728, DE-103, Tofisopam, (R)-Tofisopam (Dextofisopam), (S)-Tofisopam (Levotofisopam (USAN)), EKB-568, midostaurin (PKC-412), tozasertib (MK-0457, VX 680), SU-14813, lestaurtinib (CEP-701), LY-333531 (Ruboxistaurin), CGP-52421, SKI-606 (Bosutinib), Roscovitine, Tenofovir (PMPA), Methimazole, or Theophylline. 